Oral Language And Development Developing Language...

Sarah Przybylo Oral Language and Development Developing Language Through Nature and Nurture Theories Language development is much more complex than one would think. Not only are there strategies and factors behind developing one’s native language, but there are also theories set in place to guide the steps of building language. On the other hand, nurture inspired theories (also know as empiricist) are based of factors in the environment. This means that people believe nurture theories are based off of what young children experience growing up. Factors include the environment they are raised in, their caretakers/parents, the income, setting and socioeconomical status. There is also such thing as an â€Å"extreme empiricist†. This person believes that a newborn child is birthed with a new â€Å"blank slate†. This means that genes and traits of language are not passed down from parents. The level of education the caretaker has also plays a role in how the infant will develop. If a parent has a low education level such as high school drop out or only high school diploma, chances are this parent will not interact with the child as much and use improper or less words than a parent with a high educational level such as college or beyond. The income and socioeconomical status that the caregiver holds is also very important in how the child will develop. If the parent has little money, chances are they will be away from the child often at work or busy. This results in the child being leftShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Language Development1606 Words   |  7 PagesP1 Language development Biological approach- Noam Chomsky believes that the ability to develop any sort of communication and language is genetically programmed into us. Because children develop language very fast it is likely that the ability to use language is genetically programmed within us like standing and walking is. 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Essay about A Talk To Teachers; Rhetorical Analysis

Naya Rodriguez Ms. Ramona AP Language Composition Pd. 4 A Talk to Teachers; Rhetorical Analysis ‘A Talk to Teachers’ by James Baldwin published on December 21, 1963 is a very brave and direct message to teachers on how they are contributing to the prejudice in society during that time period. Baldwin’s tone in this essay shifts frequently however, the constant tone that enhances his purpose of this essay is urgency. Baldwin’s urgency to make teachers change the prejudice view on â€Å"negros† and the false history that is being taught about African Americans. For he refers to it as â€Å"any negro who is born in this country and undergoes the American educational system runs the risk of being schizophrenic.† Baldwin soon states his†¦show more content†¦The turning point in the essay is when Baldwin states â€Å"Because if I am no what I’ve told I am, then it means that you’re not what you thought you were either! 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Effect of Rising Oil Prices on Trade Balance of Pakistan free essay sample

An increase in oil prices result in increased oil imports bill because its demand is inelastic which leads to inflation, increase budget deficit and puts downward pressure on exchange rate which makes imports more expensive increases the industry production cost which affect its competitiveness in international markets. INTRODUCTION: With the advent of industrialization in the last century the use of petroleum products as the main energy input for all the industries, international crude oil prices has become the key indicator of economic activity. Although other forms of energy (hydro, natural gas, coal etc) are also in use in Pakistan but still imported oil energy covers a major portion. So therefore any change in international crude oil prices cause to affect all the sectors of the Pakistan economy including the welfare of the society. WTI and Brent are considered the key benchmark for international crude oil prices. Since 2001 oil prices are showing an upward trend reached all time high level in July 2008 to the value of 8 per barrel. Before we consider the effect of rising fuel prices on Pakistan trade balance, an important much related issue is that all the transaction in world crude oil markets are conducted in US dollars foreign exchange reserves of Pakistan which are used to finance international transactions like other imports, debt repayments etc are also kept in US dollars. Hence an increase in oil import bill tends to put considerable influence on the market value of Rupee in the currency market in case of any imbalance in current account. Pakistan also produces oil domestically but its production is much less than its local demand so therefore Pakistan needs to import oil from other countries. Historical data shows that an increase in international crude oil prices has an adverse impact on our current account balance simultaneously affects our exports by increasing the domestic cost of production. The net result is widening of trade deficit, higher inflation depletion of valuable foreign exchange reserves which are vital for the stable rupee exchange rate. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: In this section we will review the articles and research work related to our topic. Joao Ricardo (2009) analyzes the impacts of oil prices with reference to china’s exports. The result of his study suggests a stable long run association between oil prices export earning incase of china. He used the quarterly data for the period of 1975 to 2002 in his study find out a negative relationship between coefficient of export earning oil prices volatility. Hamilton is the pioneer towards the oil prices issue on economy. He carried out a number of studies related to oil prices . His studies shows that there is significant relationship among oil prices volatility, economic growth development inflation in industrial countries. Suleiman d. Mohammad (2009) analyzes the impact of oil prices volatility export earning with reference to Pakistan . His study suggest a significant correlation among export earning oil prices. He used the annual data for the period of 1975 2008. Salim (2007) reviewed that the government reviews fuel prices every two weeks, but despite increasing in global oil prices, fuel prices were not heighten in the country during the last 19 months to save the public from additional financial burden. According to caretaker Finance Minister Dr. Salman Shah, the fuel prices adjustment will not be done in one go. We will be increasing prices gradually. He said the fuel prices were being adjusted according to budgetary targets. â€Å"We have to keep in mind many things our targets, the state of the economy and the inflationary impact†. Reigner (2007) study focuses on commodity prices for the period of 1945 to2005 in case of United States he find out that the 91% of prices of goods sold in U. S were affected by oil prices. ANALYSIS: From 1989 Pakistan trade deficit is showing a rising trend but at a very slower rate. It showed improving trend for only a short period of time i. e. between the years 1999- 2003. After that Pakistan trade deficit increased at a very high annual rate reached 20 billion us dollars in 2008. After 2008 Pakistan trade balance has shown improving trend mainly due to global recession lower oil prices. [pic] EFFECT ON TOTAL IMPORTS: Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008-09 shows that current population of Pakistan is 170 million and 6th largest populated country of the world on the other hand Pakistan is the lowest consumer of the energy (around 0. 50 TOE/capita). Due to the shortage of energy Pakistan depends upon imported energy resources. [pic] PAKISTAN TOTAL EXPORTS IMPORTS OIL IMPORTS: | | | | |us million $ | |YEAR |EXPORTS |IMPORTS |DEFICIT |oil imports |% of imports | |1985 |2491 |$5,906 |-3415 |$1,086 |18% | |1986 |3070 |$5,634 |-2564 |$921 |16% | |1987 |3686 |$5,380 |-1694 |$935 |17% | |1988 |4455 |$6,391 |-1936 |$1,020 |16% | |1989 |4661 |$7,034 |-2373 |$1,279 |18% | |1990 |4954 |$6,935 |-1981 |$1,522 |22% | |1991 |6131 |$7,619 |-1488 |$1,516 |20% | |1992 |6904 |$9,252 |-2348 |$1,377 |15% | |1993 |6813 |$9,941 |-3128 |$1,578 |16% | |1994 |6803 |$8,564 |-1761 |$1,450 |17% | |1995 |8137 |$10,394 |-2257 |$1,722 |17% | |1996 |8707 |$11,805 |-3098 |$2,010 |17% | |1997 |8320 |$11,894 |-3574 |$2,246 |19% | |1998 |8628 |$10,118 |-1490 |$1,750 |17% | |1999 |7779 |$9,432 |-1653 |$1,485 16% | |2000 |8569 |$10,309 |-1740 |$2,783 |27% | |2001 |9202 |$10,729 |-1527 |$3,327 |31% | |2002 |9135 |$10,340 |-1205 |$2,664 |26% | |2003 |11160 |$12,220 |-1060 |$3,098 |25% | |2004 |12313 |$15,592 |-3279 |$2,264 |15% | |2005 |14391 |$20,598 |-6207 |$3,550 |17% | |2006 |16451 |$28,581 |-12130 |$5,956 |21% | |2007 |16976 |$30,540 |-13564 |$7,346 |24% | |2008 |19052 |$39,966 |-20914 |$10,496 |26% | |2009 |17688 |$34,822 |-17134 |$10,032 |29% | |2010 |19290 |$34,710 |-15420 |$10,463 |30% | As we can see from the data oil imports graph that our trade deficit between the year 1985-2002 was stagnant around 6 to 8 us billion US$ due to stable international oil prices Our import bill was also just around 1-2 billion dollars . The upward trend of oil prices from 2001 contribut ed greatly to our rising trade deficit. In past its shared only 15-18% of our total imports but in 2010 it covers 30 % of our total imports. Our oil import bill reached record level of 10 billion $ in 2008 due to very high international oil prices. EXPORT EARNING: Although there are many other factors that affect our exports that include political stability, law order situation, governance, economic policy etc but rising oil prices that leads to domestic inflation is also a major factor in it. Power transport prices play an important role in determining the prices of all the industrial sector output. They represent approximately 30% of the cost in the cost of making any industrial commodity. So when transport power prices increases, industry profit margin decreases they have no option except to increase the final good prices, which adversely affect their market competitiveness. As we can see from the pie chart below that our power transport sectors are dependent upon oil which directly affects their prices when the international oil prices increases. In the year 2009-10 transport power sectors were the major consumer of imported oil. These two sectors combindly consumed around 92% of oil imports. While all the other sectors combined consumption was just around 8% of the total oil consumption. When fuel prices rise, commodities and other goods inside the Pakistan become more expensive. With higher fuel prices, it becomes more expensive to manufacture and transport goods. The increase in costs to produce and transport the goods must be factored into a higher price for the products. Pakistan sales of the products affected and particularly volume of Pakistani exports may decline as a result of the higher prices that manufacturer must now charge for their goods. [pic] [pic] Last 10 years CPI data of energy power prices shows a drastic increase in their prices. Their prices have more than double in this period. Despite this drastic price increase, oil consumption has not reduced accordingly. The reason for this is that demand for oil is inelastic in the short term due to absence of substitute fuel. To help explain this inelastic demand, consider the following: Truckers are still expected to haul, and commuters must continue to commute. If fuel prices go up, our economy doesn’t just stop. People still have to go to work. The result of an inelastic demand for Oil is that people will continue to buy and pay more for the fuel (because they have no Immediate alternatives), but will change their spending behavior elsewhere because of their fixed amount of income. Now we are analyzing the empirical effect of oil prices on Pakistan exports with help of an econometric model. Model Log Export earning = ? 1+ ? 2log GDP + ? 3 log M2 + ? 4 log GINI + ? 5 oil price + ? 6 log BOT + e The above model shows that the export earning is dependent variables and GDP, M2, GINI, oil prices are independent variables. Hence GDP stands for Gross domestic product, M2 is a monetary aggregate and GINI is a coefficient which measures the living standard and allocation of wealth in an economy. BOT shows the balance of trade (Export-Import). All the variables are taken in natural log form which shows the elasticity and the percentage change in independent variables causes how much changes take place in dependent variables. |   |log GDP |log GINI |log BOT |log M2 |log Oil prices | |Coefficient |0. 4587 |5878 |1. 2124 |0. 7824 |-1. 5987 | |t values |2. 125 |3. 214 |4. 2567 |2. 1458 |5. 2133 | The result of model shows that there is long run association among the variables. Coefficient of GDP is significant and positive sign shows that as GDP increases then output level increases and cause to increase in export earning but coefficient is in elastic in sense that as 1 percent increa se in GDP Cause only 0. 45 percent increase in export earning. The coefficient of BOT (balance of trade) is also positive sign and significant as our balance of trade improve it may positively affect on export earning of Pakistan. The coefficient of GINI is used to analysis the affects of export earning at living standard of the society. It is also significant and positive shows that 1 percent increase in GINI coefficient cause to increase in 0. 59 percent increase in export earning. The sign of M2 is also positive and significant as M2 increases interest rate declines cause real depreciation of local currency and increase in export and reduce the import and positive affects on export earning of Pakistan. Finally the coefficient of oil price is negative and significant the coefficient of oil price shows highly elastic 1 percent increase in oil price may cause to 1. percent reduce in export earning which is a suggestion for policy makers if they continue to import crude oil and no substitution is found locally then it may adversely affect Pakista n economy in future Conclusion: In this paper we have studied the effects of rising oil prices on Pakistan trade balance. Although Pakistan is heavily relying on domestic natural gas resources but still oil contribute 32% to our energy needs oil imports covers 30% of our total imports. We also conclude that oil prices have negative relationship with the export earning of Pakistan it may adversely affect our exports growth rate. To ensure the sustained improvement in Pakistan trade balance Pakistan needs to further diversify its energy mix. So that Pakistan can end its dependence on imported energy. Our dependence on imported oil needs policy maker’s immediate attention because it is drastically affecting our economic growth trade balance. This dependence on oil can be reversed or at least minimized in just 1-2 years if we only had proper leadership in parliament senate. If the Parliament had taken steps to make national energy transport policy to use only domestic resources, then there would have been no such problems that Pakistan economy is facing today. Recommendations: Short term: Pakistan dependence on imported energy can not be eliminated in few months but with proper policy making in few years it can be achieved. Firstly our parliament should make a policy of energy independence, i. e. reliance on our domestic resources only for all the energy needs. God has given the Pakistan 6th largest coal reserves in sindh. They were discovered in 1991 but even after 20 years we are not able to use them. All over the world coal is used for electricity generation to get cheap energy. Like them Pakistan can also use coal for electricity generation by converting its thermal power plants from furnace oil gas to coal in short run. For transportation a new policy making is also necessary because it is mostly provided by private sector for long short routes both they are relying heavily on oil gas. All over the world railway plays a major role in land transportation because it’s cheap fast. Electric railway engines are used to further reduce the cost of transportation oil dependence. But Pakistan railway today has a very small share in cargo transportation because of bad governance road transport mafia. Under new Policy best management should be placed in railways the policy should be made that all the cargo for long distances would be transported only by Pakistan railways. These two policy action if taken will dramatically reduce our dependence on oil in short run. Lastly taxation policy on petroleum products should also be reviewed which is contributing to high inflation rate in the Pakistan. Long term : Use of fossil fuel will continue to satisfy majority of Pakistan energy needs in the next decade also but they pose a number of problems one is the concern over the public health and environmental effects of fossil fuel–based energy production and its use. In particular, the emission of many common air pollutants that are created by the combustion of fossil fuels increases the risk of premature mortality and numerous acute and chronic health conditions. Additionally, these emissions damage ecosystems, impair visibility, and have a substantial impact on water and soil quality. Secondly their supply is fixed after few decades they get deplete. Use of Renewable Energy Resources There are many alternatives to fossil fuels available for meeting our energy needs in the electricity, transportation, and other sectors. Electricity may be generated using renewable sources (such as wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower) or nuclear power. In the transportation sector, solutions range from finding new fuels for traditionally gas-powered vehicles to those that run on electricity or hydrogen. Renewable sources of energy such as wind, solar, and geothermal power are desirable for generating electricity because, despite their high initial fixed costs, they are domestic sources of power with no fuel costs or emissions except those involved in building the infrastructure required to generate the power. Biomass-fired electricity, which is derived from sources such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels, is also a renewable source. References: Pakistan Energy Yearbook,† Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan †¢ International Energy Agency (sep 2010) Analysis of the Impact of High Oil Prices on the Global Ec †¢ Ishrat Hussain, (2008)Pakistan Exports competitiveness in Global †¢ Ishaque, Fozia (2008), â€Å"Oil Prices Hike; Pakistan Facing the Music† Pakistan and Gulf Economist, Dec3-9, 2007. †¢ www. finance. gov. pk – for data on Pakistan trade balance energy transport sector †¢ www. mpnr. gov. pk for data on petroleum products. †¢ www. imf. org for international oil prices data †¢ Economic survey of Pakistan 2009-10 †¢ Khan, Mehmood-ul-Hassan (2008) Negative Aspects of Macro-economy. Business Finance Review, the News, Monday February 4, 2008. Power, 46. 1% 46. 3% Transport, Other govt. 1. 7% Domestic, 0. 5% 0. 3% Agriculture, Industrial, 5. 1% Oil Consumption by sector (2010)

The Greek Chorus Essays - Ancient Greek Theatre, Greek Chorus

The Greek Chorus Greek tragedy and comedy originated with the chorus, the most important part of the performance space was the orchestra, which means 'a place for dancing' (orchesis). A typical tragic Greek chorus was a group of some twelve to fifteen masked men just about to enter military service after some years of training (Athenians were taught to sing and dance from a very early age.) An old comedic chorus consisted of up to twenty four men. The effort of dancing and singing through three tragedies and a satyr play was likened to that of competing in the Olympic Games. Like in Elizabethan theatre, the men portrayed women. They made the transitions between scenes, giving actors the chance to enter and leave the playing area, and announced what characters those actors portrayed. But the function of the chorus goes beyond this. The choral odes, accompanied by dancing and music, were part of the entertainment itself. The chorus both commented on the events and participated in them, so that it was b oth involved in the action and detached from it. There was a choral leader who led the group, and as theatre developed, who conversed with the actor or actors. In the mid-fifth century, after rebuilding the ruins of the Acropolis, Pericles built a recital-hall or odeion to the east of the Acropolis. This building was roughly square in shape with a roof described as pyramidal or conical. The Odeion of Pericles was used for many purposes, one being the proagon, a ceremony in which the dramatic poets announced the titles of their plays and introduced their actors. Members of the chorus would wait in the Odeion to make their entrance. The fifth-century skene was not a permanent building, but a temporary construction of wood, placed across the rear of the orchestral circle for the dramatic performances at each year's festival. Nevertheless its invention brought about a massive change in theatrical practice and in the semiotics of space. The interior of this flat-roofed building was the 'backstage' area, but in visual terms it was not so much 'behind' as 'within', an enclosed space which, like a real house, was the dominion of female characters. As a rule, actors could and did step out of the skene and join the chorus in the orchestra, but the chorus did not enter the skene. The masks of Greek Old Comedy were distorted caricatures, sometimes of real people. They were meant to be ugly and silly in keeping with the ludicrous padded costumes worn by comic actors. While tragic actors wore elaborate pattern-woven garments which were similar to the robes of priests and musicians, comic actors wore loose body stockings padded at the breast, buttocks, and stomach, with long floppy phalluses for the male characters. The chorus of Old Comedy was often composed of non-human creatures, such as wasps, frogs, birds, or even clouds. Theater Essays

The Content Creator That You’ve Always Wanted Is Here - CoSchedule

The Content Creator That You’ve Always Wanted Is Here Back in March I started making calls. Tons of them. The recipient? You. Since this past April, I’ve talked to more than 100 different customers or potential customers that were trying our product for the first time. I learned a few things. There are a lot of marketing projects, and teams, that need organizing. There are even more spreadsheets that still need eliminating. There was a lot more that we could do here at to make your life way easier. Like waaaaaaay easier.   So, we began what has became known as the â€Å"Content UX† project here inside of , which was short for â€Å"content user experience.† It was a cumulation of everything that I learned on those calls. The goal was to make the experience of editing and managing content inside of easier and even more team-oriented. In short, we want to eliminate your spreadsheets and clumsy workarounds. The Content UX project was born, and we  made our first code changes in July. Today you finally get to use version 1.0. We’re pumped! Here are three big changes that roll out today, plus a few amazing new features that are up next. For a detailed look at every change launching today, please see this post. Here, I will be covering the bigger goals behind the features. Change #1: We Hid The Things You Didn’t Need One of the problems we wanted to address was the â€Å"clutter† that had taken place in the content creator.  As we’ve added new features, we’ve been forced to augment our existing design which wasn’t built to handle all of that power.   We’ve made it work, but it’s was ultimately time for something better. is powerful, but that doesn’t mean it needs to look complicated. #ui #redesignWith this redesign we wanted to accomplish a couple things: Hide things that you didn’t need. A few examples of this include making the headline analyzer an optional integration, along with the social queue itself (which has been renamed to Social Campaigns). Utilize the entire screen. Our new â€Å"full-screen† editing experience on the calendar gives you the space you need to do your best work. I think the results speak for themselves. The interface is cleaner, more user-friendly, and better organized around keeping your entire marketing process right on track. Change #2: We Made Even More Team Friendly Teamwork is important. To make it easier for teams to work together, we’ve added an all-new sidebar to manage all of your project activity. Tasks, comments, and team contributors are now managed in separate tabs rather than our long long-running lists.  This redesign will prevent the excessive scrolling that sometime came with larger projects. Additionally, we’ve introduced some major updates to our task management features such as the addition of unscheduled tasks, drag and drop task sorting, and an all-new â€Å"files† tab which will be launching soon. The new activity sidebar also does a better job of reporting new activity and clearing out older comments and data that are no longer as relevant. Some of our users have reported that on-boarding new team members to can be a challenge. We hope that these changes start making that process much easier. Change #3: Make Content Creation Easier   The content editor in has undergone an extreme makeover. First, we’ve completely replaced the built-in text editor with a brand new version. The new editor supports more formatting and is far more reliable than our previous solution. Creating content inside of should now be a seamless experience. Second, we added some clarity to the editor selection process, which we learned was a regular source of confusion. Now, when you create a new piece of content in you will be asked to select a single editing mode. The options include: Our *NEW* built-in text editor Google Docs Evernote WordPress File upload (Microsoft Word, images, etc.) Of course, many of you love to create and edit your content in Microsoft Word, and we’ve even added some great new features just for you. File Version Control Now, when editing our content using a traditional word processor like Microsoft Word, team members can download the file, make changes, and then re-upload the file as a new version. will maintain a history of all previous versions, which can be accessed at any time.  Everyone on the team will see that edits have been made, and will have access to a full file history. It’s the best way to bring a real-time like workflow to those tools that aren’t quite real time! Soon, we’ll also be adding support for converting Word Docs into WordPress Blog posts, so be on the lookout for that update. New to : File Version Control.Change #4, #5, #6, and #7: Coming Soon! We have a lot more in store for our content creator – all based on your suggestions. Here are a few of the things that are up next. Custom Content Types We will be rolling out an update in a few weeks that will allow you to customize the menu you use to add new content to . Fill it up as much or as little as you want. Further down the road we hope to add even more ways to create custom content types as a way to separate your content. Multiple Color Labels This feature will allow you to select multiple color labels for each piece of  content you create. This overhaul will also include the ability to add your own custom labels. Tags! Tags! Tags! Wouldn’t it be great if you could add tags to each piece of content you create for further customization? We think so too. Look for this to ship soon. Marketing Projects This feature will allow you to combine several different pieces of content or social campaigns into a single project. With this update you’ll be able to manage even the most complex of marketing projects from . Look for this one early 2017. And More! Of course, there’s a lot more to come that we aren’t ready to share. Please keep your features requests coming as well. We are always on the look out for the next big thing!

which the “war on terrorism” has been waged threatens to undermine the international human rights framework so painstakingly built since World War II The WritePass Journal

which the â€Å"war on terrorism† has been waged threatens to undermine the international human rights framework so painstakingly built since World War II Introduction which the â€Å"war on terrorism† has been waged threatens to undermine the international human rights framework so painstakingly built since World War II IntroductionBIBLIOGRAPHY:Related Introduction The way in which the â€Å"war on terrorism† has been waged threatens to undermine the international human rights framework so painstakingly built since World War II. This essay argues that abandoning human rights in times of crisis is short-sighted and self-defeating. A â€Å"war on terrorism† waged without respect for the rule of law undermines the very values that it presumes to protect. A balance between liberty and security must therefore be restored by reasserting the human rights framework, which provides for legitimate and effective efforts to respond to terrorist attacks. The United States–led â€Å"war on terrorism† is premised on the notion that the events of September 11 should be seen as a wake-up call that the world has changed. The international community necessitates new tools and strategies, perhaps a new normative structure, to deal with these dire threats to the world’s security. In the absence of international agreement about the new tools, strategies, and norms, the â€Å"war on terrorism† is being waged on its own imperatives regardless of existing norms. The way in which this â€Å"war† was waged is itself a threat to human security. Since the September 11 attacks, the United States, with the support of many governments, has waged a â€Å"war on terrorism.†This â€Å"war† places the human rights gains of the last several decades and the international human rights framework at risk. Some methods used in detaining and interrogating suspects violate international human rights and humanitarian norms in the name of security.Throughout the world, governments have used the post–September 11 antiterrorism campaign to crack down on dissidents and to suppress human rights. Efforts to define terrorism are fraught with political consequence and disagreement. The controversy is often captured in the phrase â€Å"one person’s terrorist is another person’s freedom fighter.† The Special Rapporteur notes that it is difficult to distinguish between internal armed conflict and terrorism. Should state-sponsored terrorism be included in this discussion? How about sub-state terrorism? Is there a difference between the terrorism of the past and the new threat of non-state-actor super-terrorism with the potential for catastrophic use of weapons of mass destruction? There is already some agreement about prohibiting certain acts the international community condemns as terrorist acts.The definition adopted in this essay is that attacks on the World Trade Centre, in London and Madrid constitute crimes against humanity in that they are, especially taken with other attacks by the same actors, part of a widespread or systematic attack on civilian populations. This view was expressed by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Another aspect of the problem of definition is that in many of the antiterrorism measures taken since September 11, 2001, governments have used vague and overbroad definitions of terrorism. Such definitions run the risk of sweeping peaceful, expressive activity into the definition of terrorism and can be the basis for repressive regimes attacking political opponents or other pre-textual uses of antiterrorism campaigns. Such antiterrorist laws violate the principle of legality and provide a basis for governments to label political opponents or human rights defenders as â€Å"terrorists.†In addition, it can subject them to exceptional security measures that would not be tolerated in other contexts. Below we look at how human rights has been a casualty on the war on terrorism. At the heart of the challenge to the human rights framework is the question of whether the â€Å"war on terrorism† is a â€Å"war,† and if so, what sort of a war it is. To date, one of the characteristics of the â€Å"war on terrorism† is a refusal to accept that any body of law applies to the way this â€Å"war† is waged. Central to the human rights framework is the idea that there are no â€Å"human rights free zones† in the world, and that human beings possess fundamental human rights by virtue of their humanity alone. In addition, there is no gap between human rights law and humanitarian law in which a â€Å"war on terrorism† may be waged, free from the constraints of international law. The essence of the rule of law requires that executive action be constrained by law. The refusal to accept that the rule of law governs the conduct of the â€Å"war on terrorism† has created tremendous uncertainty and has also led to the erosion of individual rights. For example, in April 2003 the United States took the position, in response to questions posed by the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions about the November 2002 killing of six men in Yemen by a missile shot from an unmanned drone, that this attack was against enemy combatants in a military operation and, thus, was beyond the competence of the Special Rapporteur and the UN Human Rights Commission. By defining the â€Å"war on terrorism† as a â€Å"war,† the United States and cooperating governments conveniently eliminate all of the protections of human rights law, even in circumstances in which international humanitarian law does apply. It is not clear why this precedent would not be applicable to any government seeking to target dissidents, national liberation movements, or anyone opposed to a regime as being a â€Å"terrorist† and an appropriate military threat in this global â€Å"war.† The concept of â€Å"terrorism† put forward is any act perceived as a threat by those waging the war against it. The battlefield is the entire planet, regardless of borders and sovereignty. The â€Å"war on terrorism† might continue in perpetuity, and it is unclear who is authorised to declare it over. Human rights protections simply do not exist when they conflict with the imperatives of the â€Å"war on terrorism.† One such case is that of Guantanamo. The continuing detention of more than 600 alleged â€Å"terrorists† at a military base in Guantanamo has become the most visible symbol of the threat to the human rights framework posed by the â€Å"war on terrorism.†The Guantanamo detainees essentially have been transported to a â€Å"human rights free zone† or â€Å"legal black hole,† where only visits by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) stands between them and the arbitrary, unreviewable exercise of executive power. The detainees are beyond the reach of any body of law and receive the treatment that their captors deem reasonable in the circumstances. The US states the detainees are to be treated consistent with the laws of war. Yet, they are denied hearings required by Article 5 of the Third Geneva Convention before a â€Å"competent tribunal† to determine whether they are prisoners of war, as the ICRC presumptively believes them to be. In the eyes of their captors, they are conclusively determined to be â€Å"enemy combatants† or â€Å"enemy aliens,† who may be tried before military commissions and detained indefinitely regardless of whether they are convicted by those commissions. The Military Order authorizes the detention and trial of â€Å"terrorists† and uses a broad definition of â€Å"individuals subject to this order.†Thus, US authorities may take any person in the world they believe fits this broad definition and transport them to the â€Å"human rights free zone† in Guantanamo. There the US is not subject to judicial oversight by domestic or international authorities, and the detainees can be treated in any manner until they are tried, released, or held in these conditions indefinitely. The Military Order applies only to noncitizens, leading to a stark double standard between the treatment of US citizens accused of being involved in terrorist activity and noncitizens, who are not entitled to the panoply of rights accused US â€Å"terrorists† will receive. The idea that noncitizens are not entitled to international fair trial standards because they are unworthy â€Å"terrorists† is at odds with international antidiscrimination and fair trial norms as well as the presumption of innocence. Trials before the military commissions, established pursuant to the November 2001 order, will not comply with essential international fair trial safeguards or guarantees of an independent judiciary. Indeed, the proceedings appear to be no different from military tribunals the international community has criticized in many other settings as a violation of international human rights standards. The availability of the death penalty in these military commissions undermines the human rights goal of eventual abolition of the death penalty; especially in light of the important strides the international community has made toward abolition of the death penalty in the Rome Statute and elsewhere, for even the most egregious crimes. These commissions also inhibit international cooperation to combat terrorism given the strong views of many states that abolition of the death penalty is a fundamental human rights issue. There is more to say about the conditions of confinement in Guantanamo Bay (cramped cells, lack of exercise, torture), especially after recent revelations about the widespread abuse of prisoners in Iraq and elsewhere. The central challenge it presents to the human rights framework is that the detainees are left without the protection of law or judicial or international oversight. Although the ICRC is allowed to visit the detainees, the United States does not agree that the detainees are prisoners of war or even entitled to the full protections of international humanitarian or human rights law. The United States has labeled the detainees as â€Å"enemy combatants,† but this label cannot avoid the requirement of a determination of every detainee’s status by a â€Å"competent tribunal.† Humanitarian law requires that such determinations be made by tribunals and under procedures that guarantee fair treatment, protect vulnerable detainees, and restrain the detaining p ower. Instead, the detainees, like the six men killed in Yemen, are subject only to the discretion of an unrestrained executive authority. Fundamental human rights norms require that detentions be subject to judicial oversight. As the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention stated in December 2002, if prisoner of war status is not recognized by a competent tribunal,[T]he situation of detainees would be governed by the relevant provisions of the [International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights] and in particular by articles 9 and 14 thereof, the first of which guarantees that the lawfulness of a detention shall be reviewed by a competent court, and the second of which guarantees the right to a fair trial. The United States has rejected the UN’s position and every other form of international oversight of these detentions. As a result, the identity of the detainees are secret, and there is no international or domestic oversight of the detentions. There is no way of ascertaining whether there is any basis for the continued detention of particular detainees, which includes children as young as thirteen. Over time, a number of detainees have been released, and so far the released detainees have not been charged with any criminal offense. Thus, raising substantial questions about the grounds for their detention in the first place and even more concern about the length of the detentions. Despite assurances by United States officials, there are examples of mistakes coming to light. One such discrepancy concerns refugee law and discrimination. Almost all of the detainees have been held on minor immigration law violations, which ordinarily would not warrant detention or deportation. One commentator reports that only three of the estimated 5,000 noncitizens detained by these efforts have been charged with any offense remotely related to terrorism, indicating the ineffectiveness of such strategies. These transgressions on immigrant communities are just a part of the â€Å"collateral damage† of the â€Å"war on terrorism.† International norms clearly prohibit discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, nationality, or religion. There is a growing recognition of the harms caused by discrimination in the social fabric of our communities. By targeting immigrant communities, the government fosters the discrimination and exclusion that human rights law has struggled so hard to eradicate, making it all the more difficult to engender understanding and cooperation between communities in the fight against terrorism. Below we evaluate the significance of a human rights framework response to terrorism. For the most part, the international community has responded to the events of September 11 and their aftermath with an insistence that the response to terrorism must unfold within basic standards of human rights and international law. For example, the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 1456 (2003) insisted that any measure taken to combat terrorism must comply with international law obligations, â€Å"in particular international human rights law, refugee, and humanitarian law.† The question remains whether these norms will actually govern the conduct of states and what the international community will do if they do not. The detainees in Guantanamo are in a â€Å"human rights free zone† with the active cooperation of many governments and the absence of an adequate response by the international community as a whole. Even if one contends that the detainees are not covered by international humanitarian law, the international human rights framework still requires they be tried for a recognizable criminal offense and be granted the internationally recognized guarantees of a fair trial. The United States had no difficulty complying with these requirements in response to the first World Trade Center bombing, showing it is possible for governments to create special procedures for handling classified or sensitive evidence in such trials in accordance with their legal systems. Many countries have experience trying alleged terrorists in ordinary courts under procedures that comply, or at least arguably comply, with international standards. There can be increased cooperation at every level of government within a human rights framework. Many human rights standards, beginning with Article 29 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, explicitly recognize limitations based on the requirements of public order or security. There is a substantial body of international, regional, and domestic jurisprudence in balancing liberty and security in a wide variety of specific contexts. These standards should be respected and enforced, not ignored. International human rights law also explicitly recognizes that there may be emergencies that justify suspension of some internatio nal human rights. If deemed prisoners of war then there is a well-defined regime of humanitarian law under which the detainees must be treated. In conclusion this essay addressed one aspect of the ongoing debate about terrorism and human rights. While urging adherence to existing human rights and humanitarian standards in the fight against terrorism and raising the alarm about how the â€Å"war on terrorism† is being waged, one should not ignore the challenges posed by transnational networks of persons willing to engage in acts of mass destruction. There are opportunities for cooperative, multilateral approaches to this challenge: Expanding the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court to cover a broader range of attacks on civilians would be a positive development and one fully consistent with the rule of law. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Amnesty International, Rights at Risk: Amnesty International’s Concern Regarding Security and Law enforcement Measures (2002), ACT 30/001/2001 available at www.amnestyusa.org/waronterror/rightsatrisk.pdf. Amnesty International, United States of America: Memorandum to the US Government on the Rights of People in US Custody in Afghanistan and Guantanamo Bay (2002), AMR 51/053/2002, available at web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR510532002. Amnesty International, United States of America: Restoring the Rule of Law. The Right of Guantanamo Detainees to Judicial Review of the Lawfulness of Their Detention (2004)AMR 51/0931/2004, available at web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR510932004?openof=ENG-USA. Chinlund,   C. Who Should Wear the â€Å"Terrorist† Label?, Boston Globe , 8 Sept. 2003, at A15, available at www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/ Civil and Political Rights, Including the Question of Torture and Detention: Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Louis Joinet Chairperson-Rapporteur, Executive Summary, U.N. ESCOR, Comm’n on Hum. Rts., 59th Sess., Agenda Item 11(a), U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2003/8 (2002), available at www.hri.ca/fortherecord2003/documentation/commission/e-cn4-2003-8.htm. Cole, D. (2003) Enemy Aliens: Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms in the War on Terrorism at 188. European Parliament Resolution on EU Judicial Co-operation with the United States in combating terrorism, B5-0813/2001 (11 Dec. 2001), available at www.epp-ed.org/Activities/doc/b5-813en.doc Fitzpatrick, J. (1994) The International System for Protecting Rights during States of Emergency. Procedural Aspects of International Law Series: V. 19) 1994, p. 70-71. Fitzpatrick, J. (2002) Sovereignty, Territoriality, and the Rule of Law, 25 Hastings International Comparative Law Review at 303 Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Geneva III), 1949 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 124 S. Ct. 2633 (2004). Human Rights First, Ending Secret Detentions (2004)available at www.humanrightsfirst.org/us_law/PDF/EndingSecretDetentions_web.pdf. Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch Briefing Paer on U.S. Military Commissions (2003), available at www.hrw.org/backgrounder/usa/military-commissions.pdf. Jakob Kellenberger speech on 17 March 2004   to the UN Commission on Human Rights during the 60th Annual Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights- Statement by the President of the ICRC (17 Mar. 2004), available at www.icrc.org/Web/ Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/5X6MY5?OpenDocumentstyle=custo_print. Kalliopi, K.K, U.M. Special Rapporteur.   Preliminary Report: Terrorism and Human Rights, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/27 (1999), available at www.un.org/documents/ ecosoc/cn4/sub2/e-cn4sub2_99_27.pdf.at 8–21. Military Order, of November 13, 2001- Detention, Treatment and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terror, at Section 2. Press Release, The White House, Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation (11 Sept. 2001), available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html. Robinson, P,   The Missing Crimes, in The Rome Statute for an International Criminal Court pp 510 – 521. (Antonio Cassese et al. eds., 2002). S.C. Res. 1456, U.N. SCOR, 58th Sess., 4688th mtg., para 6, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1456 (2003), available at www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/S.RES.1456+(2003).En?Opendocument. The Queen on the Application of Abbasi and Another v. Sec’y of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, EWCA Civ 1598, para 64 (U.K.) Sup. Ct. Judicature, (C.A.) (6 Nov, 2002), available at www.courtservice.gov.uk/judgmentsfiles/j1354/abassi_judgment.htm. United States v. Yousef, 327 F.3d 56 (2d Cir. 2003).

Implement education campaign to increase awareness of patients Dissertation

Implement education campaign to increase awareness of patients attending emergency - Dissertation Example Simple health cases, if untreated, can become emergency cases. The most cost-effective manner of reducing patient visits to the ED department is to prevent these injuries or illnesses from occurring. The hospital should involve itself in educating its local community on the benefits of healthy lifestyles and use of anti-tobacco campaigns. The hospital should also carry out educational campaigns on the appropriate occasions to attend the emergency department. The hospital should also increase access to alternative services for health care and educate its patients on the benefits of using these services. Additionally, the hospital should also enhance its specialist support service in order to divert some of the cases to doctors who can treat the patients quickly and efficiently, thus avoiding unnecessary return services to the ED. Finally, the hospital could enforce non-emergency, re-direction or refuse service to patients who do not meet the emergency criteria (Vincent, 2011, p. 12). These measures will help to reduce demand for ED services. In general, the reason for overcrowding of the ED department rises from inadequate financing of the emergency health department and services during a period when there is an increase in demand for these services. Therefore, the best way to deal with it is by reducing the demand (Skow-Pucel, 2006, p. 32). Limited human and financial resources are the issues that lead to inefficiency in the ED and, as such, increasing services would be almost impossible. Most patients coming into the ED of a hospital may not be in need of emergency services, although they almost all possess a need for health care. Reducing demand by using the measures discussed, such as diverting patients to alternative health services and enhancing specialist services, is the finest method of solving the issue of overcrowding (O'Leary, 2009, p. 41). However, some policies aimed at turning away patients deemed not to be in need of ED services either explicitly or implicitly without giving assurances of access to alternative care is neither clinically nor ethically acceptable. By reducing demand for services in the ED, the hospital should benefit by increasing their resources and productivity. By reducing abuse of the ED by the local community via decreasing demand for service, the deserving patients will be able to access quality and efficient service (Griffin, 2009, p. 27). The hospital emergency department staff will be better equipped to serve the real emergencies by making non-emergency services more attractive than emergency services. Removing non-value adding duties, improving the flow of patients through the department, and enhancing the efficiency of the ED staff should result in more productivity from the ED services currently in existence. Clinical audits, cascade staff duties, and minimal workload are also cost-effective since the hospital can redirect resources to other functions of the emergency department such as automation and computerization (Croskerry, 2009, p. 45). The benefits from reducing demand for emergency services have a trickle-down effect on other hospital services as well (Morrison & John, 2009, p. 78). Since these non-emergency patients can be referred to specialists and alternative health services, pre-hospital care is improved. The health of the local communi

Managing Hospitality Operations - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Hospitality Operations - - Essay Example High-quality service results in customer satisfaction which in turn stimulates the intention to return, and encourages recommendations. Customer satisfaction also increases profitability, market share and return on investment (Shishavi, 2007). Every interaction in the hospitality sector is a service and interaction takes place at various levels. Service is dependent on various factors and each of these factors is individually and collectively responsible for efficient delivery of service. The employees, the managers, the technology and innovative ideas along and the consumers themselves can help meet the challenge of service delivery. The environment too has an impact on service quality and customer delight is used as a measure of customer satisfaction. Service quality perception has also been used a driver of customer retention. Hence, this paper will focus on the various factors responsible for service quality in the hospitality sector. It would first discuss SERVQUAL in the hospitality sector. Firms have to move from satisfaction to delight in order to obtain loyal customers and maintain profitable operations (Torres & Kline, 2006). â€Å"Customer delight involves going beyond satisfaction to delivering what can be best described as a pleasurable experience for the client† (Patterson cited by Torres & Kilne). This indicates that delight has a stronger emption and a different physiological state than satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is based on customer expectation whereas delight exceeds expectations. Customers can be delighted without being surprised. Delighted customers have greater appreciation for the firm and its services. Loss of a single customer can mean losses running into thousands and hence delight has been considered important to retain loyal customers. One loyal customer also translates into recommended customers. Customer delight can be used as a

Antigone before Creon Essay Example for Free

Antigone before Creon Essay In the first scene where Sentry appears he is visiting Creon to inform him of the news of the body of Polynice has been buried. From the moment he arrives on stage, Sentry is petrified even from the stage directions this is shown, as it states ‘struggling he is very frightened’ so to help this to be portrayed to the audience that Sentry is terrified, his body language would be all tense, his shoulders would be raised with his head and neck sinking between his shoulders. His facial expressions would help show that he is worried what Creon will have to say, so his eyes would be squinting with his nose wrinkled and with his eyebrows slightly raised whilst he is changing from biting to licking his lips frequently, this will help express that he’s so unbelievably nervous and worried about breaking this news to Creon even before actually speaking to him. Another moment which would show that Sentry is terrified telling Creon about the burial is when he first speaks to Creon ‘My Lord Creon sir! If I can hardly speak for the lack of breath it’s not ‘cos I ran ’ the use of respecting address ‘My Lord’ and ‘ ’ helps show the worry and anxiety of speaking to Creon. Sentry would perform this so his voice would be quick, but shaky, with extended pause to emphasise the ‘ ’ to help elucidate the nervousness Sentry has and that he’s panicking because of the high authority Creon has. Whilst stuttering these words out, Sentry’s body would still be all tense from entering, but he would now start fidgeting and wringing his hands, to help show that he is feeling uncomfortable and uneasy. When Sentry is rambling on to Creon and when he says ‘So I shouldn’t be punished for it, should I? ’ this shows that Sentry is trying to convince himself that he’s done no wrong, he’s only the messenger of this news, he had no part in the event. So the way Sentry would perform this would be, he’d say ‘So I shouldn’t be punished for it ’ in quite a stern voice, as he’s stating that he shouldn’t be penalized for telling Creon about the incident which has taken place. And whilst saying that, he would lower his head a little, with his eyes looking up at Creon with also raised eyebrows with his mouth slightly to the left pouting vaguely, his body would be leaning forward a little with his shoulders tense and lifted a bit, then with his left arm would be turn in quite tense with his index finger pointing to his chest with him repeating the point movement a few times to help emphasising he’s done no wrong and he is stating this. But then Sentry would realise who he is talking too, and would become more timid when saying ‘ should I? ’ as if he is questioning not just Creon about it but himself, as he would begin to think, should he be punished, has he done wrong. So he would lower his sharp tone in his voice, and make it become more high pitched, to give emphasis to him questioning the situation. His body would then quickly shoot up from the leaning forward his shoulders wouldn’t be raised but his whole body would tense up, with his left foot slightly in front of his right ,he would then freeze with his arms bent in, tucked underneath his armpits, with his hands seemingly flapping inwards to his chest, to help show his uncertainty. Another moment which shows that Sentry is scared stiff is when Creon has shouted at Sentry demanding who has disobeyed his orders, Sentry replies with ‘No way of knowing we’ve no idea! no digging, no spade marks no wheel tracks or anything. ’ he appears to be listing the absence of any possible evidence which suggests how or by whom this incident has taken place, which is emphasising he is in fear of Creon, and is totally ‘panic stricken’. So Sentry would perform this by ‘stating the list’ rapidly, but stuttering to emphasise he is thinking of things to say so Creon doesn’t screech at him. So the tone of Sentry’s voice would be at a high pitch, rushed and shaky, he’d be trembling whilst speaking which would draw attention to his anxiety and fear to this whole situation. Sentry would be all tensed up, his shoulders would be raised with his neck sinking in, his arms would be bent in with his hands close to his chest, but again all fidgeting, wringing his hands, he would also be shaking again, which would show his panic. He would be moving backwards and forwards on the spot but gradually moving slowing further away from Creon to help make the point of his fear of Creon and the situation. Another moments is when Sentry is explaining to Creon when they heard the news that Polynice’s body had been buried and they all suspected each other, who was going to tell Creon and when he states ‘I drew the short straw’ this shows that nobody wanted to do this, none of them wanted to be the person to break this news to Creon, as it ‘scared them all shitless’ and they are ‘scared stiff’ of Creon. So Sentry would perform this by emphasising that no one wanted to break this news to Creon as they feared their own life because they had no clue what Creon would do about the incident or to them even. So Sentry would be slightly more confident when saying this because he’s told Creon about the incident now, so now the anxiety of breaking the news to Creon is over, he would step a little closer to Creon to show that he’s not as petrified as he was at the beginning and to show that he’s only the messenger of the whole situation, he doesn’t want to be there as much as Creon doesn’t want him to be there. Sentry’s posture would be less apprehensive and more relaxed because the deed is done, he wouldn’t feel as up tight, so his arms, hands, shoulders and face wouldn’t be as tense, his eyes would be on Creon, making eye contact with him, much of the anguish in his face would have disappeared, so it would be more relaxed, his eyebrows would be lowered, his mouth would appear less strained, depicting more of a natural look, the tone of his voice would be lowered, and he is a little more confident and stronger which shows his sense of relief that he has broke the news to Creon. The second episode of Sentry contrasts with his first visit to Creon, he approaches him with a friendly address ‘Lord Creon’ rather than respecting address like before ‘My Lord Creon’. This shows that Sentry is no longer petrified of Creon, he has done what he was told to do, and he is freed without conviction. To help show this Sentry would perform with a more confident attitude, the friendly approach he gives to Creon shows a slight hint of sarcasm and arrogance towards Creon because he has brought Creon’s ‘criminal’. So the tone of his voice would be strong and loud, with a bold pitch showing the confidence in Sentry, he would sound calm without stuttering. His posture would be up right, his shoulders would be back, his arms would be by his side slightly away from his body, his hands would be relaxed but strong, in a cup shape position to help emphasise the confidence he has. His facial expressions would be strong, his head would be up slightly, with his chin raised up, his eyes would be bold making eye contact with Creon, his eyebrows would be raised, with his mouth slightly pouting to show assurance and certainty. Another moment is when Sentry says ‘This Job was all mine, I caught her ’ this helps show that in this scene Sentry is glad and is proud of himself, he achieved what Creon ordered him to do, and he’ll tell Creon as much as he pleases because he knows he’s done the right thing and it’s what his King wanted. So to help emphasise this, Sentry would perform confidently with a slight cocky manner. For example in his voice when he says ‘ This job was all mine ’ the tone in his voice would be loud and bold, and slightly high, to help express that he is pleased with himself. Again his posture would be up right, and confident, his shoulders would be back, his head slightly up, his right arm would be up, bent at the elbow and his lower arm and hand facing into him, and he would point to himself with force to show confidence and pride and that he wants take all the credit for it. And when Sentry says ‘I caught her,’ the tone in his voice would lower slightly and become more forceful and a lot louder. His attitude would become a little more aggressive and more arrogant because he wants to show to Creon that he’s not scared of him, he can’t punish him because he’s done what Creon wanted, so he wants to show that he too has authority, he is an independent, strong man, and Creon has nothing to put against him. So his posture would still be very confidence and bold with his shoulders back and head up, his hand gesture pointing to himself would become more aggressive and quicker as he says ‘I caught her,’ to help emphasise that he’s done want he was told and he’s free to go. His face would become a little tense but not because he is scared like before but because he has become more confidence and arrogant so his mouth would tense up, he would grit his teeth together with a tense jaw whilst saying ‘I caught her,’ his eyebrows would lower and would be rounded towards his eyes, his eyes would be slightly scrunched up and would have a sharp stare towards Creon. This shows his arrogance and sort of pride that he manages to capture the ’criminal’ so again he wants all the credit. Another moment which shows the changes of Sentry’s attitude is when he states to Creon ‘By rights, I’m free to go; and well shot of all of it. ’ This shows the relief which Sentry has, he knows he is right and that Creon cannot hold him to anything any longer and the fact that he has found the ‘criminal’ for Creon, he should be praised for doing this deed. To help show that Sentry is relived, his manner would become more relaxed than before, his arm would still be bent at the elbow with his lower arm and hand facing his body pointing, but his posture wouldn’t be up right, most of his weight would be on his right side, with his right hip lifted and with his left leg bent at the knee with his foot turned out, whist saying ‘ By rights, I’m free to go ’ he would still be pointing to himself with force to show his confidence, and when he says ‘ and well shot of all of it’ his whole manner and posture would stay the same but his right arm would lower with a fast rounded movement, and would be placed on his lifted right hip, allowing to show attitude and arrogance in his character. Another moment is when Creon asked did Sentry catch the ‘criminal’ Antigone in the act, Sentry replies with ‘Well, gentlemen, it was like this,’ this shows that Sentry enjoys telling the story, that he is proud of himself finding her, proving to Creon that he’s far better than Creon states him to be. So the way Sentry would perform is, the tone in his voice, would be quite low and soft but quite cocky, to help show that Creon is asking him the questions about how Sentry caught the criminal in the act, on his own, he found her, not Creon or anybody else. So he takes his time when he says it, showing that he is the hero, he’ll make the decisions when and how to tell Creon. So his manner and posture would be quite laid back at this point, he would be one hundred percent relaxed, he has no worry or anxiety like before when telling Creon his story, this time he is the one in control, so his posture again would be slouchy, his weight would be all on one side, but this time on his left to show that he’s been standing there a long time, so in a way he is getting a little bored, even though he wants to show off and tell Creon how it all happened. So he switches sides right to the left, so his left hip lifted all the weight on his left side, his right knee is bent and his right foot turned out, his right hand then is lifted from his hip at which point his left hand is placed on his left hip, his right hand slowly makes its way up to the back of his head slightly to the right and scratches it. Then he lower his arm so his elbow is bent and underneath his armpit with his right hand lifted up to his chest, with his right hand relaxed, and begins to make wringing type hand gestures whilst telling his story. This helps emphasise that Sentry’s attitude towards Creon has completely changed, he is no longer frightened of Creon as he has done a ‘good job’ in Creon’s eyes, he is no longer in the hands of Creon and is free to leave without being punished so compared to the timid, shaky Sentry in the first scene, he is now bold, confident and fearless of his King Creon.

Spike Lee :: essays papers

Spike Lee In 1995 I considered Spike Lee's gritty CLOCKERS one of the year's best films; recently I spotted its video in a clearance bin and picked it up. Upon re-viewing, I am struck again by its complexity. It is the first urban drama to depict inner-city race relations with the intricacy such a pervasive cultural issue demands. On the surface it resembles a whodunit, but its main concern is how drugs and violence contaminate entire communities, dramatized in the collapse of one African-American youth's life. (He chokes up blood the way some of us sweat.) This process is observed by a predominantly white police force that makes hollow attempts to keep order, and refuses to intervene with the community's gradual decline. Instead of characters with overt prejudices and plain racial allegiances-characters that are sterile symbols of bigotry rather than credible humans guilty of it-Lee gives us characters of casual racism. Most representative of this is Harvey Keitel's Rocco Klein, a white detective who cannot understand the culture surrounding him, which is a culture of narcotics, violence, and black-on-black crime. On his beat, drugs are less a problem than a lifestyle, murder resolves the tiniest of disagreements, and young mothers valiantly but vainly battle the influence young dealers have on their sons. Klein views the inner-city with contempt, but deep down he knows all the whores and dealers are human beings, too. Klein is introduced at the scene of a homicide, where the police handle the gruesome death with a clinical sense of detachment, cracking bad jokes and asking the bloodied corpse questions. Is it just a job, or is it racism?

Prejudice and discrimination Essay

Andrew Cuomo states, â€Å"I believe discrimination still exists in society and we must fight it in every form. † Discrimination and prejudices are negative manifestations, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge, instead of bringing people together, it pushes them apart. Prejudices can be formed when a person forms its own opinion of another person or group of persons without having knowledge or facts about them. Meanwhile, discrimination is based on treating one particular group of people less favorably than others because of their skin color, gender, age, or socioeconomic status. Racism, sexism, ageism, and socioeconomic discrimination are all prejudices and types of discrimination which should be avoided. Indeed, confrontation may be one of the most effective weapons in the battle to end prejudice and discrimination because if someone forms a prejudicial idea about us, or discriminates against us, our job is to try to change their way of thinking and let them know who we are and how we really are. People should confront this type of discrimination by demonstrating a different picture of what other people have about them. For example, someone who experienced a lot of discrimination and was prejudiced by a lot of people is Melba Patillo Beals. According to Patillo’s book â€Å"Warriors Don’t Cry†, she clearly writes about the importance of being given the chance to get to know people better before judging. Additionally, she wrote about how much she wanted the white people to give her a chance to get to know her better before they judge her and make a decision wether or not she and the other eight black students were allowed to be part of Central High School. Every time in her diary Patillo wrote how painful was to hear everyday bad words and support bad treatment from the white students. All this stereotypes were so painful for Patillo, but she decided to resist them all and keep going to school to show to the white people that black people are not so different from whites. The skin color does not make people worse. Patillo wrote on her book, â€Å" Today is the first time in my life I felt equal to white people. I want more of that feeling. † (Patillo 90). All people can have more of that feeling if we all decide to stop with racism, and all kinds of discrimination. If people confronts discrimination they will show other people that we all have rights and we have to stop being prejudiced. We have to be treated equal. In the same way, Patillo’s friend, Minnijean, insisted to participate in a school event to show her talents to the white students so they might finally accept her, and stop treating her bad. This two examples of Patillo and her friend Minnijean are ways to confront prejudice and discrimination. They tried to show people that by giving others a chance to know them better, people can realize the image they had about others or the prejudice towards that person is not true. Regarding this, many things can be done in order to get to know others; reading more about different ethnicities can open the mind of a lot of people who have so close mind and who only know about their culture. This could be a good way to get to know other people, and they will have the chance to demonstrate how they really are. For example, in the essay â€Å"Don’t Misread My Signals†, by Judith Ortiz Cofer, she explains how people can stereotype others just because of their heritage, in her case, the Puerto Rican heritage. After reading her essay, people can understand better the Puerto Rican Culture and why Puerto Rican girls chose a certain type of clothes which are not necessarily sexual signals like American people think. Moreover, just because of â€Å"the myth of the Latina as a whore, domestic worker or criminal† (Ortiz), doesn’t mean that all Latinas are the same. That is only a stereotype, and discrimination toward Latinas. However, Ortiz confronts this prejudice and discrimination by writing books of poetry and novels in which she tries to change the way of thinking of her audience. She explains to the audience that the skin color, the accent, or the clothes are not good reasons to prejudice or discriminate against others. Similarly, the essay â€Å"Of My Friend Hector and My Achilles Heel† by Michael T. Kaufman, explains the same issue as the essay â€Å"Don’t Misread My Signals† (Ortiz). That it is bad to stereotype people without having a fact that the stereotype is correct. Kaufman started writing â€Å"This story is about prejudice and stupidity. My own. † By having a epiphany, Kaufman realized that he was stereotyping his friend Hector Elizondo just because he is Puerto Rican and because Hector was not in the same special class in school as Kaufman. Also, Kaufman stereotyped Hector because he always saw Hector wearing a knitted watch cap, so he deduced that Hector was probably working as a longshoreman. Kaufman stereotyped Hector just by his appearance, nationality and education level, but he didn’t try to ask Hector what was really happening in his life. Finally, Kaufman saw in the newspaper that Hector was performing in a play on Broadway, so Kaufman realized that he stereotyped his friend and prejudice him. When people realizes that they are wrong about their prejudice, is exactly the moment when they start to confront prejudice. Is the moment when they change their way of thinking. They realize that sometimes the appearances do not show the real identity of the person. That is the reason of why we need to know people better before we start judging them. People say that the first impression is very important, but they can’t rely only on their first impression because that is the moment when they start to discriminate against others. They need to know that it is important to know someone better before they start judging or stereotyping. After all, we all are human beings and we are not perfect. We all have made prejudices, or have made discriminations towards others sometime. However, this is not so dangerous if we learned the lesson from the past, and realized that discriminating is not the best way to get along with people and live peacefully. If we want to end this, we need to stop transmitting this way of thinking to the next generations. With this change, people will create a world without prejudice and with equal rights for everybody.

How do the newspaper and television channels present the news? Essay

Comment on use of language; fact and opinion; visual images; bias and viewing audience. Newspapers and television channels both present the news by giving different accounts of the same basic stories. Newspapers give different accounts depending on if they are tabloid and Broadsheet, whereas television gives different accounts depending on which channel the viewers decide to watch. To study television and newspapers, there are four channels to look at BBC1, BBC2, ITV1, Channel 4, and there are three newspapers: The Daily Telegraph, The Daily Mail, and The Sun. There are also the websites and radio programmes to use. On use of language, the way the newspapers present the news all vary depending on what type of newspaper and what the story is. Tabloid newspapers are looking to gain interest of the reader, so their language might contain gossip and can be very criticising. Broadsheet however has more facts; it is aimed for mature readers, and contains more facts and tries to give a straight report. Using two tabloids and one Broadsheet, the comparison is apparent straight away. The daily mail (Friday 3rd of January 2003) on the second page of the Daily Mail, there is a story all about Madonna and what she is wearing. The language in this report is quite informal with the words, â€Å"cool†, and â€Å"chic†. The article does use standard English most of the time, however. The start of the article doesn’t use the pyramid form of writing used in other articles. The whole article doesn’t tell the reader much apart from the fact that Madonna wears a lot of tracksuits. In the Sun (Friday 3rd January 2003) the fourth and fifth pages are taken up by a holiday they are starting with a lot of promotion to their newspaper. This shows the newspaper is more interested in it’s own affairs instead of the news. The next page has a double page on the twin killings from New Year’s day. The caption is â€Å"1 Twin lives†¦l One twin dies.† This is a very bold caption and brings the interest so the reader will want to find out about the twins and how they died. The first paragraph uses a pyramid style by telling the reader when, where, what, why, who, and how. The story is a very formal story. Other articles in the paper are more gossipy, and many of the stories are the same ones as in the Daily mail. The Daily Telegraph is very different. On the front page there is the gun shoot-out and the article has a more informative style. The first paragraph also uses pyramid writing, but there is more information. Some of the stories are the same as the Daily Mail and The Sun, but others are not in either of the tabloids. (E.g. full coverage on national news, and also there are more pullouts.) There are more articles from around the world in the Daily Telegraph, and all the articles are in Standard English. There aren’t as many picture in The Daily Telegraph either. The titles and subtitles all try to use rhyming, metaphors, repetition and alliteration to catch the reader’s eye. In the news, the reports are always done in Standard English. At the start of every report there is always a signature tune that shows the programme has started, and is repeated at the end of the program. In the reports, some of the people who speak might speak in their dialect. Channel 4 November 25th 6:00pm, there is a report on the fight fighters strike. When the fire fighters come on to talk about it, they all speak in their own dialect, which generally is from London or Liverpool. This can make it quite hard to understand, it also adds stereotype. Some reporters like to put in some of their own words into Standard English to make sure that everyone knows its them, (e.g. Simon Cowl saying, â€Å"You guys.†) Also the slight accent of reports can help to identify when they are on the news. Language in the news can sway which way the reader thinks about a story. The reporter can use bias in their language to get the reader’s sympathy. In Channel 4 news (November 25th 6:00PM) there was a report on the fire fighters strike. The reporter’s body language showed she was with the fire fighters, standing out in cold, with hat, gloves, scarf, moving away from the brazier while talking about fire fighters striking on minimal pay so near to Christmas. This language suggests that Tony Blair is callous for making the fire fighters strike to get their point across. Fact and opinion can be used more in different types of newspapers. Tabloids share more opinion while Broadsheet contains more fact (although that isn’t always the case.) The Daily Telegraph has two different clear pages of opinion, one is an editorial comment and the other is comment from the readers. This presents the news in a different way to giving facts all the time. The editorial comment can be from a main news story and shows the views of the editor. In the Daily Telegraph (January 3rd 2003) there are two pages, both are full of opinion and are about reports that are main stories. The editorial comment is found in a supplement called ‘comment.’ When commenting most of the letters and notes in these pages are opinions. There is another area of comment and this is Letters to the editor. On further inspection of comments I found a page on www.dailytelegraph.com, which gave the views of a lot of people. The main articles all have facts in the first two or three paragraphs, and after that there could be some opinion from the reporter. Traditionally, the Daily Telegraph’s 3rd page was more like a tabloid story. The stories here would have a lot of opinion and would be about people in the media. This has died down and now although the stories can still be about people in the media, they have a more formal approach. The Tabloids however both don’t show any sign of an editorial comment or a comment page. There is though, a lot more opinion on stories from show business and royalty. Stories such as Madonna, vicar’s and floods contain pictures and a lot of opinion after the pyramid first paragraph. The tabloids present the news by giving a lot of opinion on celebrity stories, as this is what people want to read. Channel 4 (November 25th 6:00pm) contains facts and opinions. In each report containing politics there is normally a video of a politician with a voice over from a reporter. This can sometime be a stream of short facts on what the politician is saying. The politician can often still be heard-this gives a sense of authenticity. Reporters often end on a statement. An example of this is BBC1 (6:00pm, Monday 25th November.) â€Å"They are not giving up.† This is about the fire fighters strike and shows a bold fact to close with. Facts and figures can be used to support stories and to show that the reporters know what they are talking about. These can often be used quickly in a stream so the listener feels bombarded and will accept the facts straight away. There is a reporter called Mark Mardell who uses a lot of opinion in his speech. â€Å"You see, I think† He often starts off with that phrase, which shows he is going to give his opinion. Mark Mardell also uses hand beats to stress what he is saying as if he is agreeing with himself: this is all opinion. There are a lot of visual images in newspapers, which come in the format of cartoons, pictures, and photos. Of all eight newspapers researched, it was a tabloid- the Daily Mail- contained the most photos, (not including adverts) with a total of 126 altogether. The Daily Telegraph was found to have the least pictures with an average of 46 photo’s every paper. Images can replace words, in fact in the Daily Mail; there was a whole article in cartoon. (January 3rd 2003,) There was a double page article on Les and Amanda, labelled ‘Dear Les’ This shows a very long story of Les and Amanda in 18 short captions, so anyone busy, or not wanting to read too much can go and read the page and story in a minute. Photos can often bring reality of a situation. Seeing a sight from a bombing and the victim’s make the deaths become real instead of a name on a page. Cartoons can often reflect on certain stories and show a funny side of them. Photos can show the person who is writing the article, which helps identify a certain writer at a glance. Visual images can show half the information of a story and make the reader continue and want to read the article to find out the rest of the information. In the news visual content is used. The news reporter often includes Power Points and other video footage to stress facts. In BBC1 (6:00pm Monday 25th November) there are pictures of Tony Blair for political messages. The fire fighters are shown almost always standing next to braziers to stress the fact that they are striking in the cold to get fairer pay for stopping fires. The camera will portray firefighters as good people, standing with their wives or their children to show how innocent people are affected. The reporters walk towards the camera away from the brazier to relate the fire strike to them. The camera often homes in on a TV outside, with their channel news on, through the brazier. When politics is discussed, a reporter standing outside 10 Downing Street is often used to show it’s political. Reporters often make hand movements to agree with themselves so to stress points and to get others to agree. Newspapers can be bias in certain points. If an article is going to be better if the newspaper slags off a certain person, then they will. The papers can give only one side of the story. All three newspapers (January 3rd) all give accounts of how a vicar was meant to have â€Å"kissed a parishioner,† but every paper has it in a view biased to the parishioner. This will make a better story then someone protesting his innocence. Bias can always be seen though in some shape or form. Unless there were two separate accounts in the one article about what happened from the different point of view, then the article is always going to sway to one side. Bias can sometimes be used as a way to form opinion, although the two are quite different as bias can be found in fact, but opinion can’t. Reporters can give a biased opinion, as I have lightly covered. As I said earlier, body movements can often show how someone feels about a subject. Being out in the cold suggests that they are supporting the fireman, as does certain ways the reporter can move their arms, they can suggests that the other side is being unjust by raising hands up in a gesture of â€Å"unfairness.† The voice-over’s of certain political statement (e.g. the Channel 4 25th November 2002) can be biased without the reader knowing. It is easy to subliminally show bias and the viewing might not even notice because it is a voice-over and must be correct. Many reporters can show bias by the level of their voice, which can drop when the reporter doesn’t agree. Reporters can get round bias by asking rhetorical question instead of saying their view; this however might make the reader answer in a biased way, and back one side of an argument. All opinion is bias. An example to answer is this essay , would it be called biased or opinionated? The viewing audience of newspapers comes with the two types of newspapers: Tabloid and Broadsheet. Tabloids generally contain show business, royalty, and gossip this gives a lower reading age of seven, whereas Broadsheet is a more formal, ‘harder reading’ approach which is more mature. The stories in tabloids often are easy to read with big images and smaller pages. This is so any person can pick up a cheap paper and read it quickly and easily. Pyramid writing keeps the reader interested and can keep the reader going and reading the article to the end. Smaller pages of the tabloid gives impression of easy to read, standing up. Broadsheet gives a sitting down approach with big pages. News reporters keep the viewing audience intact when they are speaking. Channel 4 news is more formal so there are slightly older respected newsreaders, which stand up (apart from Trevor Macdonald), and the reporters don’t smile as much as other channels. BBC 1 6:00pm news shows an upbeat news, the channel knows that the viewers are going to be quite young and so the reports don’t go into excess detail and really show everything. The BBC1 10:00pm shows a lot more detail and also contain ‘gorier’ pictures of events happening because the viewing audience is a lot older. There is also a newsround for kids that contain a lot of show business and has suitable stories for the age range. Apart from Newspapers and television, news is also reported on radio and by the website. Every national newspaper has a website; this gives the opportunity for up to date news. Radio gives a chance for travel reports and gives a summary of reports with any further development to them. In conclusion Television and Newspapers both present the news in different ways. Broadsheet’s are formal with facts and an input by the readers, whereas Tabloid seem to contain more show business, although both newspapers have the same main stories-although they are not always prioritised- the stories are normally all there in some form. Television, the 6:00/7:00pm news often goes into not as much detail as the 10:00pm newsreels. Newspapers and television both, try to present the news to get maximal readers/viewers, even if they have to stretch the truth or leave out some facts and replace them with opinion. Information used: BBC1 News 6:00Pm 25th November 2002 Channel 4 news 6:00Pm 25th November 2002 The Sun 3rd January 2003 The Daily Mail 3rd January 2003 The Daily Telegraph 3rd January 2003 WWW.DailyTelegraph.com 18th January 2003 Rachel Sweeney 10a1 1021 (A5)