The Norton Anthology of African American Literature New York

Booker T. Washington, during the 59 years of his life, rose up from being a slave until the age of nine, to forming a school for African Americans and the education of thousands of African Americans in the pursuit of self sufficiency. Washington has also been deemed as the most famous African American orator and civil rights leader of his time. Coupled with the possession of friendships of very rich and powerful people, sympathetic to the realists’ belief of a self sufficient African American, Booker T. Washington, in addition to his God given ability, is still known and studied to this very day.His influence within the African American community, during his lifetime, as well as even now, cannot be overestimated. In one of the first ways in which Booker T. Washington began to make a name for him was in the construction of the Tuskegee Institute. In 1881, under the recommendation of a number of influential people at the time; Louis Adams and Samuel Armstrong, â€Å"Booker T. b ought the land from what used to be a plantation and began the construction of what would become, perhaps the most famous historically African American college in the country.† The curriculum of the college was representative of the beliefs of Washington. He believed that former slaves and African Americans, who were to follow, would best serve their own interest and the advancement of the race by learning a trade and showing themselves worthy of racial equality in the eyes of the white establishment. This ideology was very different than the more firm and, in the view of most whites, abrasive attitude of W. E. B. Dubois who preached a more aggressive role in civil rights and in the advancement of the Black race.Washington believed that the African American would gain the most for their race, by focusing on learning a trade instead of becoming involved in politics and other, more prestigious careers. The construction of the Tuskegee Institute put into practice, this ideology o f self improvement. In Washington’s most famous works: his autobiography, Up From Slavery, published in 1901, Washington recalled: â€Å"From the very beginning, at Tuskegee, I was determined to have the students do not only the agricultural and domestic work, but to have them erect their own buildings.My plan was to have them, while performing this service, taught the latest and best methods of labor, so that the school would not only get the benefit of their efforts, but the students themselves would be taught to see not only utility in labor, but beauty and dignity; would be taught, in fact, how to lift labor up from mere drudgery and toil, and would learn to love work for its own sake. My plan was not to teach them to work in the old way, but to show them how to make the forces of nature – air, water, steam, electricity, horse-power – assist them in their labor.† In this, Washington was labeled, by some contemporaries as well as future generations, as a defeatist who bowed to the influence of the white establishment. In response, Washington believed that a more realist view of the situation would bring the greatest social and eventual political change. This was at a time when Jim Crow laws in the South were choking any possible ways in which African Americans would be treated as equals. Nearly full segregation in numerous aspects of daily life in the South, reminded African Americans that the country viewed them as second class citizens and inferior to white Americans.Washington, through the completion of the Tuskegee Institute, showed African Americans that self sufficiency could bring more advancement and gain for themselves and their race than anything else at this time. Such views were expressed in Booker T. Washington’s most famous speech. The Atlanta Compromise, given in 1895, spoke these ideals and the prosperity which Washington knew, was within reach for the African American who made himself self sufficient and a s independent as possible.â€Å"There is no defense or security for any of us except in the highest intelligence and development of all. If anywhere there are efforts tending to curtail the fullest growth of the Negro, let these efforts be turned into stimulating, encouraging, and making him the most useful and intelligent citizen. Effort or means so invested will pay a thousand per cent interest. These efforts will be twice blessed—blessing him that gives and him that takes.There is no escape through law of man or God from the inevitable:† Washington, the delight of white Americans and the annoyance of a number of African American leaders during this time, as well as those who would follow in the Civil Rights struggle of the 1950’s and 1960’s, Washington was not a race â€Å"agitator† as many whites would label those who spoke forcefully for social change and equality among white Americans. Not only did Washington attempt to avoid such a label, he also went out of his way to remind African Americans as well as comfort white Americans, that this was not his main objective.â€Å"The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremist folly, and that progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing. No race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the world is long in any degree ostracized. It is important and right that all privileges of the law be ours, but it is vastly more important that we be prepared for the exercise of these privileges.The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera-house. † As a result, Washington was more appreciated within his own community than in generations to come when a more forward policy of racial equality was adopted within the Civil Rights movem ent. Some of the reasons for his success and the ability to afford a speaking tour as well as funding for Tuskegee, were the powerful friendships which Washington was able to form.Some of these notable names of the times were Andrew Carnegie, the $400 million tycoon of the steel industry as well as Henry Rogers and Presidents William Howard Taft and even Theodore Roosevelt who invited Washington to dine with him at the White House; making Washington the first African American to have bestowed upon him, such an honor. The invitation caused outrage within the South and an African American would not have such an honor bestowed upon them for a number of decades, the accomplishment was still achieved.In this, Washington became one of the most successful civil rights leaders of his day. One of the chief reasons why this was the case, above all others, coupled with his God given skill and talent, was the message which Washington repeated over and over in both his speeches and his actions. He was not accommodating to white racism, but was rather a realist who knew that every injustice which stemmed from racial inequality, was not going to be done away with in his lifetime or in the lifetime of his children. Washington was not one to make waves, to complain or to blame whites for his troubles.Many believed that Washington should be doing just that. However, Washington replied by saying: â€Å"There is another class of colored people who make a business of keeping the troubles, the wrongs, and the hardships of the Negro race before the public†¦. There is a certain class of race-problem solvers who do not want the patient to get well, because as long as the disease holds out they have not only an easy means of making a living, but also an easy medium through which to make themselves prominent before the public.† Washington always preached a new, self sufficient African American. Even until his death in 1915, Washington, the most influential leader of the civi l rights movement since Frederick Douglass and still remains as one of the most important in this country’s history, always advocated that African Americans become and remain self sufficient and that they earn the respect from whites which they need in order to achieve the racial, political and social equality which is their uniform goal.When Washington stated: â€Å"One man cannot hold another man down in the ditch without remaining down in the ditch with him. † He meant it. WORKS CITED Perry, John Unshakable Faith Memphis: Multnomah Publishers 2001 Washington, Booker T. Up From Slavery: An Autiobiography New York: Scribners 1980 The Norton Anthology of African American Literature New York: Norton Press. 1999 Booker T. Washington New York: PBS/Thirteen Productions 2001

Essay on Carolyn Keene

Biography Who is the real Carolyn Keene? The author of the Nancy Drew series and many more wrote under a pen name. Carolyn Keene does not exist. The person behind all the stories was Mildred Wirt Benson. Her life was an inspiring journey and she even made it to the Ohio Woman’s Hall of Fame. Mrs. Benson did not stop writing until she was 96. Mildred Benson's early childhood was much like every other child’s. She was born on March 28, 1905 and grew up in Iowa with her parents. She lived in Ladora, Iowa for most of her life.As a child, Mildred Benson was a tomboy and enjoyed exploring the rural area behind her family’s farm. In addition, Mrs. Benson was well-educated and very intelligent. In elementary school, she showed signs of being adventurous and independent. Even at a young age she published her first piece of writing. At age 14, her story appeared in a fiction magazine â€Å"St. Nicholas. † When she entered high school, Mildred was bright and was able to graduate early. She went straight to college and she graduated with a degree in English and a master’s in Journalism at the University of Iowa.Writing was a big part of Mildred’s life, and she wrote for Stratmeyer during college. Author and reporter, Mildred Benson married Asa A. Wirt, but once Asa Wirt passed away, she married a man named George Benson. In 1936, Mildred gave birth to her daughter Peggy. Mildred wrote books, and also was a reporter who never backed down. However, her life was not always necessarily perfect and she faced hardships in her life. Mildred Benson was able to keep her identity well hidden, but was forced to reveal who Carolyn Keene was in court when someone tried to take credit for the writing.She was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1997, but nothing could stop her from writing, even cancer and failing eyesight. When she was not writing, she spent her time as a pilot, amateur archeologist, and adventurer. Eventually, the cancer took over an d Benson passed away at 96. Although Mildred Benson is not alive today, she still stands as an inspiration and role model to many. She wrote over 100 books in her lifetime. Mildred was also the first woman to graduate the University of Iowa with a degree. As Mildred Benson (a. k. a. Carolyn Keene) said about writing, â€Å"I know I’ll miss it more than anything else in my life. †

Marketing of Liability Products of Bank Essay

There are number of Liabilty products, some of the liability products are listed below * Savings Account * Fixed Deposit Account * Recurring Deposit * Current Account * NRI Account Etc†¦. These products are the basic products of bank which are taking new dimensions in the banking world as the competition is tougher. The products which are mentioned above are the products of Retail Banking. Wholesale banking is another big segment of bank which deals with the SME and Corporate clients. WholeSale Banking Though Internet banking as a concept has not caught the fancy of a majority of customers as yet-even the small percentage that does use it, makes a difference to the overall cost. Almost all leading banks in India are hoping that just as ATMs saw a period of inaction before they were accepted by Indian masses, Internet banking too would be adopted once customers are comfortable with the technology. For instance, in 1998 India had just 500 ATMs today it has close to 7,500. Advertising Boards; According to the case study which we have done in the Bhubaneswar city from Rabi Talkies to Janapath. The Advertising Boards are very rarely used , we found only one Hoarding that belongs to Bank of Baroda in Bapuji Nagar and that too was removed after a week from our survey. The other advertisement which is given in the bus stand by HDFC in Lewis Road. Analysis; Bank’s believe less on this strategy of advertisement. The Case study was done in a very short distance so this might or might not be the actual situation. Social Media Marketing Strategy * Bank Adverts on certain Websites * Social media in business allows anyone and everyone to express and share * Social networking sites act as word of mouth. (For example Facebook, Twitter, Google+ etc†¦) * Professional Sites like Linkedin * â€Å"retweet† or â€Å"repost†-repeating the message * Sharing videos through â€Å"Youtube† They advertise the bank products through different finance related, business related etc websites. As we can see in the above screen shots from different websites we could understand that Banks rely on Social Media Marketing too to advertise and publicize their products. Conclusion We have analysed different strategies of the bank from Marketing Mix to Technology Based Marketing. From analysing in all aspects the only strategy which is helping and which will help the bank to be successful is Product Innovation. High Interest or discounts are not going to help the bank anymore because the customers are expecting the high quality service not the interest from the bank. People have become Quality conscious in the recent past so the new products and the service of that particular product in a appropriate way will help the banks to reach greater Heights.

Stem Cell Science Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stem Cell Science - Case Study Example While many teams carry on to improve and develop the role played by bone marrow and cord blood stem cells in their frontline uses in blood and immune ailments, several others are considering to increase the uses of the different types of stem cells for instance, embryonic stem cell that can be used in the curing of diabetes. On the 16th April 2009, Dr. Carlos EB Couri and associates from the College of SÃ £o Paulo carried out an experiment to show how stem cell transplants can aid patients with diabetes. The study involved 23 patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, a medical condition in which the human immune structure quickly destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. The stem cell transplants seemingly work by rearranging the immune scheme so that the body halts attacking the pancreas. The study used follow-up figures on 16 patients who were initially transplanted with stem cells in an experiment that was earlier conducted and published in 2007, and then joined it with eight more recruits who joined the study up to 2008. The scientists had follow-up data for at least seven and 58 months on all the 23 patients who received the transplant. In the findings, they established that 20 patients with no prior ketoacidosis and had no use of corticosteroids throughout the preparative routinebecame free of insulin injections. Twelve patients continued to be insulin-free for a mean period of about 30 months, despite eight patients reverted and restarted insulin use however at a lower dose. Wainwright, S., Williams, C., Michael, M., Farsides, B., & Cribb, A. (2006). From bench to bedside? Biomedical scientists’ expectations of stem cell science as a future of therapy for diabetes. Social Science & Medicine , 63,

Analyze the Sochi 2014 Olympics game,pairs figure skating,Russian Essay

Analyze the Sochi 2014 Olympics game,pairs figure skating,Russian player, - Essay Example The main goal of this team is to outscore its main opponents and emerge as clear winners. The fact that Russia is the hosts means that fans will come out in large numbers and support the team. The team has six members. One of them is Vera Bazarova. She is twenty-one years old and has already competed in a number of events despite her young age. She has competed at the Olympic winter games, world championships, European championships and the grand prix final. Vera loves reading, cooking and going out. She is still a student who started her sporting career in 1997. The main reason that made her to start this sport was to improve her poor health. Her main coach is Nina Mozer. Ksenia Stolbova is another team member. She is twenty-two years old and has already taken part in other championships, as well. She is a student who loves shopping and spending time with friends. She began the sport in 1997, as well. Maxim Trankov is another senior member who is thirty years old. He has lots of experience having competed in several competitions. He loves hip-hop music, using computers and reading. He studied at the Moscow State University. He is fluent in English and Russian. In 2011, h e injured his shoulder while in training. Additionally, he suffered from swelling in his right arm at the 2008 world championships. Fedor Klimov is another member of the team. He is twenty-three years old and has taken part in various competitions as well. He loves football, watching television and relaxing. In 2013, he missed some two and half months of action due to injury. The coach for the team is Nina Mozer. She was born in 1964. The team is mainly characterized by both experience and athleticism. The youngest member is aged 21 while the oldest ages 30. The older members have taken part in other events, in the past. The organization of the team is even, and external influences

Training Objective Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Training Objective - Assignment Example The first stage is about trust and mistrust children make distinction between themselves and others. Autonomy versus doubt marks the second stage where children develop firm trust and attempt to explore the next stage is of initiative versus guilt where children exercise initiative inn activities by interaction with other children. Children conjure their imaginations as being wrong and make choices that may not result to guilt. The fourth stage is of inferiority versus industry. Parental influence does not mark limitations to children (Wijeyesinghe 2012). The sense of industry develops and doubt because of lack of encouragement from peers. The watershed stage marks the fifth stage in the Erikson’s model where identity versus identity diffusion is exhibited. There is a representation of childhood and adulthood definition of individuality children seek an integration of internal and external recognition derived from the initial stages thereby developing the sense of self. The la ck of the sense of self leads to identity diffusion. This is preceded by the isolation versus intimacy stage. A command relationship is developed. Lack of the sense of identity may cause emotional stress. ... James Marcia’s view on identity relies on the model developed by Erikson and the way young peel solve crisis through decision-making. Exploration refers tom crisis which may include seek for trust of others. Making conscious decisions require solidifies commitments. In marking the identity of self, the supportive environment must be nourished. Another theory that may be used in the explanation of Student individual identity development is the Checkering’s theory of identity development that includes seven vectors that lead to identity formation. The factors bare direction and magnitude, leading o the name, vectors. The rates of progression through the vectors differed among individuals and do not necessarily proceed linearly. The vector includes developing competence, management of emotions and movement from autonomy to independence. Other vectors include interpersonal relationship maturation, identity establishment, as well as purpose and integrity development. The tea ching must include active learning that sees a positive student-faculty relationship and timely feedback on every activity. There should be an understanding and respect for the learning differences that exists for every individual. Idea integration through active thinking becomes achievable through the strategic cognitive development consideration in teaching (Evans et al. 2010, p. 215). The key bodies of ecological aspects include, human, developmental and campus ecology may be used to explain development. Human ecology highlights n the family and other social structures that maybe altered for survival. Microsystems also have a role in the development process through noting the roles and interpersonal relations

The Economic Position of Some Prominent and Some Ordinary Canadians Essay

The Economic Position of Some Prominent and Some Ordinary Canadians - Essay Example Inequality in income is one of the key economic factors that have been noticed in the Canadian economy. The most important evidence for the income inequalities that exist in the Canadian economy is evident through the household spending data files and the household net worth data which shows the trend in the income equality trend in the Canadian economy. The wealth and living standards differ among people to people. â€Å"Economic inequality in Canada appears to be worsening, even as overall wealth increases† (Quarter et al. 2009, p. 82). The Canadian economy is a capitalist economy. Economic inequality is one of the key features of the capitalist economy. The important question that is raised in the Canadian economy is that ‘Does the labor market in the Canadian economy provide opportunities to the deserving candidates on the basis of their education or is it based on patterns of inequality in society?’ To this question the answer is both and that has been identi fied as one of the main reasons behind the unequal distribution of income in the Canadian society. Thus the distributive aspect of the labor market in the Canadian society calls for a study. ... Income inequality arises because of several factors like inequalities that exist in the work opportunities, the inequalities that are associated with distribution of income etc. Canada has experienced significant income inequality in Canada between the years 2000 and 2006. Income inequality is a prime economic indicator and is also covered by the national average. The three important factors associated with income inequality are the following: Change in population structure – the change in the structure of population is one of the main contributors to income inequality. With the increase in the non- income generating population there is less income in the hands of the dependent population which widens the economic inequality. The women and the aboriginal Canadians have a very small representation in the Canadian work force. The women workforce in the Canadian economy is being underemployed or unemployed. The increase in the capital income and self employment income - capital i ncome and self employment income are distributed unequally which has widened the economic equality. Disproportional per capita income especially in between the Canadian provinces has been a prime feature of the Canadian economy. Economic growth has played a mere role in the eradication of disparities in per capita income which cause unequal distribution of income. Earnings of workers are unequal with the rich growing richer and the poor becoming poorer which further causes inequality in the distribution of income. There is a very important relation between income inequality and economic growth. The wider the economic inequality in an economy, the lesser will be the economic growth of the country. The economic inequality in a country reduces the economic

Class Project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Class Project - Coursework Example Also there were no occluded fronts observed in these three days in the western America although warm and cold fronts are approaching each other. Reason behind this weather description is the presence of long range rocky mountains which help in reducing abrupt changes inn air pressure. The yellow lines are showing the air currents with temperature approximately equal to 15 degree Celsius; it means the weather is relatively cold in these areas. Here is the pictorial view of the time series graphs of meteorological data taken from BNO weather station, for three consecutive days. The plotted graphs clearly show the trends of relative humidity, dew and temperature against time. These synoptic maps clearly show the presence of occluded fronts in the eastern part of the United stated as they are relatively plain regions. These occluded fronts are responsible of hurricanes and tornadoes being observed in plain areas. These graphs show extremely interesting trends of precipitation in the BNO region. In all three days at noon relative humidity was increased to a maximum level. And during night times humidity was reduced to a minimum level. Also the temperature was much higher during night times and when the humidity was raised during day, temperature shows an interesting trend and drops to a minimum level, whereas, dew was having average trends throughout the

American Economic Association Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Economic Association - Assignment Example Others are from state, local and federal government. The organization publishes articles on applied economics, macroeconomics, microeconomics and economic policy. The organization normally hold three days annual meeting with other related organization in which they discuss various factors of economics (American Economic Association 1). Under macroeconomics, the organization focuses on studies concerning growth, aggregate fluctuations and functions of policies. According to Baumol & Blinder, the organization also carries out research and interacts with other fields like industrial organization, monetary theory, finance, labor economics, international economics, public finance and development economics (American Economic Association 1). The organization also studies economy-wide phenomena like Gross National Product and effects on national income. It also addresses changes in unemployment, price levels and rate of growth. For example, under macroeconomics, the organization studies the decrease and increase in net exports and its effects on a country’s capital account. The organization provides fundamental tools for various finance professionals and economists (Atif  & Trebbi 14). It also sets the stage for growth, progress and revision of existing

The Strategic Implication of E Commerce for the Design and Essay

The Strategic Implication of E Commerce for the Design and Construction Industry Article Analysis - Essay Example The main research question which is being asked by the authors of the article by Johnson and his colleagues is if the AEC industry can benefit itself and integrate e-commerce platforms into the business plans and strategic objectives of the enterprise. If the construction industry and its participants can achieve greater integration of e-commerce it is able to raise overall profits in the industry by streamlining activities that used to take greater efforts which led to unnecessary expenses now become automated activities that provide added value services to the customers. The power of the e-commerce solution is based on the achieved growth in the utilization of the platform after the turn of the century. In 2001 e-commerce in the United States generated $7931 million in revenues (Plunkett Research, 2007). Six years later in the 1st quarter in 2007 the sales volume had grown to $27,092, an overall increase of 242% over a six-year span or an average yearly growth of 40% (Plunkett Rese arch, 2007). These figures clearly illustrate evidence of the worldwide tendency to increase e-commerce dependence by all companies around the globe. The article effectively described the industry in order to evaluate possibilities that are going to integrate e-commerce solutions to increase efficiency in the AEC industry. Various case studies of different participants of the  value-added supply chain that allowed the players in the industry to obtain efficiencies associated with economies of scope, integration of resources, technological advances, information technology and other competitive advantages. The literature provided a very clear and descriptive analysis of the construction industry. The construction industry is a mature fragmented industry which is closely held with less than 25 public trading companies and plenty of small and medium closed held private enterprises.  Ã‚  

20th century art and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

20th century art and culture - Essay Example History of art, along with history of science and philosophy, endeavors to record and interpret the ways in which human consciousness perceives and makes sense of itself and the world around it. Ethical principles and cultural values that informed the development of Western civilization are deeply rooted in its classical origins and, therefore, in its heavy reliance on the rationalist school of thought. Classicism, rationalism and humanism - the concept that can be regarded as a derivative of the first two - not only defined the path of Western culture, but also ensured this culture's extreme openness and perceptivity towards other cultures and non-Western schools and systems.This heritage of rationalist philosophy and humanist ethics ensured that in a complex historical situation the 20th century art drew its strength and inspiration from the same humanistic principles and managed to sustain an essentially positive and optimistic view of the oncoming cultural changes, brought on by industrial and social revolutions. On the examples of high modernism in poetry, Cubism in painting and International Style in architecture this essay will attempt to demonstrate the continuity within rationalist and humanist tradition that modern and postmodern Western art displayed. This continuity manifests itself, firstly, in acknowledging the historical sense within modernism, in claiming the indebtedness of the new art to classicism and tradition. Secondly, it expresses itself in questioning the nature of representation and emergence of non-realist schools and movements as a consequence of applying rationalist tools of scientific knowledge to specifically artistic ways of cognition. Thirdly, this continuity is reflected in challenging aestheticist ideas, in growing popularity of instrumentalist theories of art and in the idea of artistic 'engagement' which has undeniable affinity with the concept of humanism. And lastly, the evidence of such continuity can be found in relativel y recent phenomena of internationalization and globalization that affected all postmodern art and invited its interpretation as ultimately, universally humanist. The first half of the 20th century is often perceived as a time of breaking away from tradition, a time of explosive growth of avant-garde schools and movements, a time when new means of representation were being adopted to reflect revolutionary changes in science, technology and societal structures. These movements, despite their belonging to different spheres of art, literature and music, came to be known under a common name of modernism. It is not easily realised and admitted that modernism, for all its innovative spirit and love of experimentation, was fully consequential, if not predictable. It did not come out of nothing; it grew out of a certain tradition and emerged within the paradigm of rationalist and humanist values. An adequate first example to support our argument is T.S. Eliot, a poet who was also one of the first theorists of high modernism. Eliot's poetry is highly innovative in form and style; it bears all characteristics of high modernism (fragmentation, intertextual allusions, rejection of traditional forms and rhyme); at the same time it explicitly states its regard for classicism and tradition. Eliot expressed this regard in his seminal essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent", written in 1919: The historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past, but of its presence; the historical sense compels a man to write not merely with his own generation in his bones, but with a feeling that the whole of the literature of Europe and within it the whole of the literature of his own country has a simultaneous existence and composes a simultaneous order. (Eliot, 38) In the poem "Mr Appolinax", part of his most renowned collection, Prufrock and Other Observations, Eliot makes frequent use of classical allusions and conveys the sense of modernity being enclosed within the timelessness

Television genre Essay Example for Free

Television genre Essay According to the Catalan language dictionary Alberti , culture is a joint space of knowledge from a person; or else the joint space of the human creations in general, or the specific of a country or a society. So everything that creates culture is related to the knowledge that different individuals have. And how can people achieve knowledge? As said by Timo Jarvilehto, psychology professor in the Oulu University: the senses are not transmitters of environmental information; rather, they create a direct connection between the organism and the environment that makes possible a dynamic organism-environment system With the help of efferent effects on receptors, each organism creates its own particular world Therefore, we get knowledge thanks to everything that surrounds us. Basing on the results of an interview (see annex), Catalan people do not know their own culture. The Catalan typical folkloric dances are danced in a cultural association called Esbart. Theoretically, everybody must know at least, which is the name of this association, but when we look to the results we see that this is not true. To the question: Do you know what an Esbart is? No more than a 20% of the interviewed men knew what is it. In women, results are a bit higher, but anyway the tax is very low; only a 40% of them knew the answer. However, the results for another question were very different. After the Catalan culture, I asked for the American one. The question was: Do you know what the Country Dance is? Surprisingly ALL the interviewed women know how the American dances are, even some of them had practice it. Moreover, in the males case only one of the interviewed didnt know what the American dances were, and it was the case of a 72 years old man who almost didnt know what the television was. So we can extract from this example that the actual society knows better foreign cultures that their own traditions. Going back to the first definition of culture, we know that what is around us affect us. Since last 30 or 40 years, media are one of the main stimuli around us. So are the influences that help us most to create culture.

Effects Of Packaging And Branding On Customers Marketing Essay

Effects Of Packaging And Branding On Customers Marketing Essay Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs and sells. Consumers pay a lot of attention on product quality and its usability but they also enjoy the package design of a product when purchasing a certain commodity. Packaging of a product is more than a medium of protection and storage and it plays a vital role for a consumer when buying a product. Packaging is the most important factor. Packaging elements like Packaging color, Background Image, Packaging Material, Font Style, Design of wrapper, Printed Information and Innovation is taken as important factors in selling a product. Packaging performs a vital role in marketing communications particularly in the point of sale and could be treated as one of the most important factors influencing a consumers purchase decision. 1.2 Purpose of Packaging Brand Identification: Packages contributes to immediate identification of the companys brand. Physical protection: The objects enclosed in the package may require protection from other things, shock, vibration, temperature, etc. Marketing: The packaging can be used by marketers to persuade potential buyers to purchase the product. Package design has been an important and continuously developing phenomenon for several decades. Convenience: Packages can have features which add convenience in distribution, handling, stacking, display, sale, opening, reclosing, use and reuse. 1.3 Types of packaging: Transport packing: The product entering in to the trade need to be packed well enough to protect against loss damage during handling, transport and storage. Consumer Packing: This packaging holds the required volume of the product for ultimate consumption and is more relevant in marketing for e.g. beverages, tobacco etc. 1.4 Labeling Labeling is a written, printed or graphic matter upon any product, containers or wrappers. It is a subset of packaging. All the sellers need to label their products if they want to make sure that consumers purchase their products. The label can be a simple tag attached to the product or a designed graphic that is a part of the package. A label might carry only the brand name or a great deal of information (Kotler, 2001). A label is a point of contact between the producer and the purchaser and it is an integral part of producers marketing plan. 1.5 Purpose of Labeling Brand Identification: The label identifies the product or brand. Product Grading: The label might also grade the product like canned fruits are grade labeled as A, B and C. Product Description: The label describes the product that made it, where it was made, when it was made, what it contains, how it is to be used and how to use it safely. Product Promotion: The label might promote the product through attractive graphics and designs. 1.6 Labeling Decisions Brand Name: It is necessary for the label to contain the brand name. It has to be decided that how should that brand name appear on the product. It is advisable to scale the logo as large as possible in keeping with the overall design9. Label Text, Graphics and Design: Text, graphics and design on the label must be carefully selected because label in as important part of branding process. It plays a role in communicating the image and identity of a company.9 Features and Benefits Listing products key benefits on its label helps support the brand promise and can help differentiate the product from others, while reaching out to customers seeking those particular benefits.9 Instructions for Use Listing products key benefits on its label helps support the brand promise and can help differentiate the product from others, while reaching out to customers seeking those particular benefits.9 Package Inserts Package inserts, which may contain instructions for using a product, are made when the information cannot fit on the product itself. 9 Safety Hazards Possible dangers that could result from misusing a product must be identified on products to reduce liability and comply with regulations9. Nutritional Labeling- A case of Food Products Nutritional labeling should clearly state the amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrates and calories contained in products, as well as their vitamin and mineral contents9. Additional Labeling: Additional labeling includes open dating (to describe freshness), unit pricing (to state the product cost in standard measurement units), grade labeling (to rate the quality level), and percentage labeling (to show the percentage of each important ingredient) 9. Labeling Laws: Labels must comply with local or international truth-in-packaging-and-labeling laws, as well as regulations on hazard warnings and other declarations9. 1.7 Product Labeling An important aspect of marketing and selling a companys product is the product label. The product label  is very important not only for selling a product but also for communicating to the consumer information, company image, values and the perceived value of the product. Therefore when a company designs a label it must take some factors into consideration that should meet with federal regulations. 1.7.1 Specific label Information Some products can be identified effectively by brand name or even the logo many require more complete identification of their nature and the use of the product. The purpose of the label is to provide useful and relevant information about the product as well as to help market the product. Processed foods, patented drugs, textiles and numerous other products are required by law to carry a fairly complete list of their ingredients. This specific information is extremely important so that consumer like those who are allergic to certain ingredients do not use a certain product that may harm them. Labels today also include unit pricing, open dating and nutritional labeling. Unit pricing shows the price per unit of weight or volume allowing consumers to compare values among competing products comparing an expensive brand name product to a less expensive generic product with similar ingredients. Unit pricing is most often found on the store shelf rather than on the product package10. Open dating informs consumers about the expected life of the product so they can avoid products that may be spoiled. This information is especially important for such perishable items as milk, eggs and other products with a short shelf life. 10 Nutritional labeling specifies the amount of calories, total fat, cholesterol, sodium, minerals, vitamins and protein in processed foods.10 Most companies also use three types of other labels on their products. Grade label identifies the quality of the product by a letter such as grade A or with a word such as prime. 10 An informative label uses phrases such as Keep refrigerated after opening to help consumers use the product appropriately. 10 Descriptive label describes the benefits or positive attributes of the product.10 1.7 Role played by Labeling According to Padberg (1992) labeling is aimed to provide a sort of identity card of the product. It is used to make the information of a product immediately accessible to consumers when making purchase decisions. It is a tool through which consumers are provided set of data like expiry date, preservation procedures environmental impacts etc. Labeling is aimed to achieve three main objectives. To guarantee proper and accurate information of product safety and healthiness. To protect consumers and manufacturers against any deceitful message. To favor a fair competition amongst the firms operating on the market place. Further Padberg (1992) said labeling performs a number of functions; the most important of them is a direct support to consumers in their purchasing decisions. Labels must include the following details: Sales denomination. List of ingredients. Minimum preservation time or expiry date. Name and location of the manufacturer or packager. Danger symbols and indication of danger involved in the use of the substance. Location of the manufacturing plant and packaging plant. Procedure to preserve and use the product when specific instructions have to be followed. Instructions for use, if required. Place of origin as the lack of this information might mislead buyers as to the origin of the product. 1.8 Consideration while Labeling For many businesses Labeling is a suitable and straight way of providing consumers with product information. The amount and type of information which must be included in a product label can sometimes be confusing. Labeling standards will depend on the type of product you sell, manufacture, export/import, supply etc. It is also vital you understand the regulations and responsibilities you need to stick on to regarding labeling standards. Labeling information standards impact a range of industries, from those businesses in the food industry, retail areas and manufacturing through to clothing and textile industries and importing and exporting etc. The level of information legally required will depend on the product. For instance food products have different requirements to that of clothing or cosmetics. Basically, a label must include ample information so that consumers know exactly what they are getting and can make an informed decision. Most importantly, the information must not be deceptive or misleading. One of the reasons why the regulations are enforced is because labeling information is often the primary means by which a consumer will decide to buy one product over another. Essentially, product labeling serves three main purposes: It provides basic product information to consumers such as the key ingredients, quantity, quality, name and address of responsible manufacturer, dealer or importer, durability of product, instructions for use/care and country of origin. It provides health, safety and nutrition information and warnings such as instructions for safe handling, nutritional profile, storage, use-by dates etc. It provides a marketing vehicle for promotions advertises and promotes the product etc. In general many small businesses may not have to deal directly with product labeling standards. The labeling responsibilities will rest with the suppliers or manufacturers of the products they sell. However while it may not be a small business responsibility to label the products business owners still need to ensure the products are labeled correctly for their customers safety. 1.9 Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) are products that have a quick shelf turnover at relatively low cost and dont require a lot of time and financial investment to purchase. However the huge number of goods sold is what makes the difference. Hence profit in FMCG goods always translates to number of goods sold. Fast Moving Consumer Goods is a categorization that refers to a wide range of regularly purchased consumer products including: toiletries, soaps, cosmetics, teeth cleaning products, shaving products, detergents, and other non-durables such as glassware, bulbs, batteries, paper products and plastic goods such as buckets. Fast Moving is in opposition to consumer durables such as kitchen appliances that are generally replaced less than once a year. The category may include pharmaceuticals, consumer electronics and packaged food products and drinks although these are often categorized separately. The term Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) is also known as Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Three of the largest and best known examples of Fast Moving Consumer Goods companies are Nestle, UNILEVER and Procter Gamble. FMCG products includes soft drinks, tissue paper, chocolate bars etc. The FMCG segment represents consumer goods required for daily or frequent use. The main segments of this sector are personal care (oral care, hair care, soaps, cosmetics, and toiletries), household care (fabric wash and household cleaners), branded and packaged food, beverages (health beverages, soft drinks, staples, cereals, dairy products, chocolates, bakery products) and tobacco. 1.10 Problem The research is basically conducted so as to find the attitude of consumers towards labeling strategies over products that changes their purchase decision. 1.11 Objectives Following are the objectives of this study: To determine whether labeling affects buying behavior. To find out current market behavior towards packaging. To determine the effect of labeling on perceived risk which in return affect the purchase of a product. To determine the impact of perceived quality on purchase of a product. 1.12 Justifications Todays generation is surrounded by labels. We see them in products, supermarkets and specialty shops and many of the choices we make in our daily life are dependent on labels and brand names. Labeling is vital so everything around us takes on its special character that is different from the rest. 1.12.1 Reason to study To evaluate that labeling is important for packaging. Consumers perception about labels before buying. Products other than pharmaceuticals require proper labeling but consumers sometime do not see before buying companies lose their customers. Companies will focus more on labels to give proper information to their customers. 1.13 Limitations Few limitations that will hinder this study are: Pharmaceuticals products are not part of study. Lack of time available. Consumers restrain from sharing their information with outsiders. 1.14 Scope Labeling impacting packaging style in todays market that affects rapid or planned buying. Research will be conducted only in Karachi. It will be only applicable in Pakistani environment. Sample size will be relatively small. 1.15 Assumptions The study will be having following assumptions: New products are not coming in markets. Brand loyal are not attentive towards labeling. Consumers are health quality conscious. Sometimes language on labeling is not understandable to consumers. 2.0. Literature Review According to Rundh (2005) package attracts consumers attention to particular brand, enhances its image, and influences consumers perceptions about product. Thus package performs an important role in marketing communications and could be treated as one of the most important factors influencing consumers purchase decision. Packaging helps consumers to choose the product from wide range of similar products, stimulates customers buying behavior. According to Kotler (2003) there are six elements that according to him must be evaluated when employing packaging decisions: size, form, material, color, text and brand. Packaging could be treated as one of most priceless tool in todays marketing communications as it gives more detailed study of its elements and an impact of those elements on consumers buying behavior. Renaud (2007) researched on the influence of label and its validity and purchasing behavior. Labeling plays a relative importance in packaging as compared to other product attributes like pricing strategies for consumer buying behavior. According to P.H.K.Prathiraja and A.Ariyawardana (2003) when consumer making purchase decisions their main focus is on labeling of those products especially if they are health conscious. Most of the consumers are willing to pay something additional if proper information about the product is mentioned on the packaging of the product. Nutritional labeling plays an important role in providing relevant nutrition information to consumers. If the products are not labeled consumers may not be fully aware of the nutrient content of the product. As a result the consumers makes their own belief about nutrient content based on advertising, public health messages and their knowledge of food sciences. According to Larceneux (2004), there are two routes that can that are likely to influence consumers purchase intention. Perceived Quality: Consumers rely on brand and labeling as the indicator of certain products quality. Perceived Uniqueness: Through the policy of labeling which relies primarily on uniqueness of products each producer seeks to distinguish products that helps to position the product in such a way that it remains in the mind of consumers. According to Grunert (2001), high quality of a product remains an important source of competitive advantage for any product. Label always remains an important element as the identifier of a product that tells about the quality of the product. A label makes the consumer choice easier as it is an important evaluation criterion for the consumer as the competition is becoming very stiff and consumers are becoming more and more demanding. Boer (2003) suggests that impact of label on consumer purchase decision totally depends on the way a consumer perceives and thinks. If the labeling strategy is efficient then it can convince the consumer to differentiate between labeled products and other products. In many cases it can happen that the aspects which are covered by the label are not in the best interest of the consumer so labels then fail to fulfill their roles. A label is considered as being the most powerful quality signal which can directly help the consumer to decide about buying a product. According to Giraud Grunert (2001), perception of a label is a source of information provided to the consumers that may differ according to families and also it can differ according to the category of the product. According to Tavoularis et al (2007), womens are more concerned about the product labeling and signals of quality as compared to men because womens are the main buyers of different products as they go to malls and department stores as compared to men so it results in more straight and permanent contact with labeled products. As the consumer gets older their motivation to purchase labeled products gets even stronger. Labeling remain a solution for encouragement for the consumers and help them take a decision to buy a certain product. Consumers normally tend to seek for information that will be comfortable for them and will help to buy a prod uct and make the right choice among a set of products belonging to the same category. Education plays a vital role in determining the importance of a product and to see that what part is played by labeling strategies on a certain product. According to Europe (1996), the people who have studied middle education and higher education tends to be more open and focused on labeling as compared to those people who have studied till primary or even lower middle education. According to Aprile (2004), it is not quite possible for the market to provide consumers with proper information about the attributes of a specific product and also to check that weather these attributes meets the needs of consumers or not. Caswell (1997), in todays world consumers are information on the process and safety of foods and how these foods are produced. It is becoming more and more important in consumers mind the process of making of foods and all the characteristics that are attached to that food product. In making purchase decisions consumers considers attributes and information as a critical part of packaging. Labeling performs functions as a public tool that helps in direct support to purchasing decisions. Some advertising firms combine their advertising messages with the data included in the label that results to enhance the image of the product as well as increase the credibility of their message. Labels are conceived as claims put forward by sellers to inform buyer s about certain characteristics of their products. Labeling also contributes to increasing the effectiveness of some other communication forms that are addressed to consumers such as re-education and public information programs. Labeling serves as an identity card of the product to make information immediately available to the consumers making purchase decisions. It is tool through which consumers are provided a whole set of data like expiry date, preservation procedures etc. . Padberg (1992), direct support to consumers in their purchasing decisions plays a very prominent role in buying behavior. Labels must includes sales denomination, list of ingredients, minimum preservation time or expiry date, name and location of the manufacturer or packager, danger symbols and indication of danger involved in the use of the substance, location of the manufacturing plant and packaging plant, procedure to preserve and use the product when specific instructions have to be followed, instructions for use, place of origin as the lack of this information might mislead buyers as to the origin of the product. Labeling is aimed at achieving three main objectives: to guarantee proper and accurate information on product safety and healthiness, to protect consumers and manufacturers against any deceitful messages and to favor a fair competition amongst the firms operating on the market place. Label can also be a tool used by the firms to execute strategies to distinguish and imp rove their products. The level of information legally required will depend on the product. For instance food products have different requirements to that of clothing or cosmetics. A label must include ample information so that consumers know exactly what they are getting and can make an informed decision. Most importantly, the information must not be deceptive or misleading. According to Rousu.C. Corrigan.R. (2008), firms are heavily investing on new products and design of labels that will help to attract new customers and also will help to retain the existing customers. Firms spend millions of dollars to ensure that labels effectively inform consumers about the product. They would like to see that their consumers who are purchasing their product have a complete information about their product before making any purchase decisions. If proper measures are not taken and consumers are not well informed about the product then it may result in consumers purchasing a product that they dont want to. There is a common perception that by simply placing additional and accurate information on label will lead to better consumer choices. But on the contrary there are evidences that by placing information on label might not be enough to inform consumers. Noussair, Robin and Ruffieux (2002), there are some labels that do not influence the consumer buying behavior like a product indicating that an ingredient is genetically engineered. There is a common perception that more information on a label will automatically provide with better information to the consumers. According to Boer (2003), Labels are not just a message about a product or a service but it is a claim that states that it has some particular features and properties. Consumers normally have limited incentives to invest in obtaining information as the idea behind labeling seems to be very straight forward. Sometimes consumers are aware of the difference between sustainable and un-sustainable practices but they could not identify it in the market. Marketers make plans to enable consumers to identify these differences so that they become motivated to buy the labeled products instead of other products. According to Louw (1999), typically a shopper looks at the label of a product for about five to seven seconds and it does not matter that how many messages are there on the package. According to Knox (2007) risk is an important factor of food choice. Consumer concern over food risk has increased while at the same time. Understanding of public perception of risk is crucial to the success of food safety. Dickson (1994) said that now a day firms spend more money on packaging than on advertising and packaging is often the most renowned marketing effort. Labels are one of the most important features of product packaging and these labels are always chosen to convey messages. According to Hà ©roux (1988) marketers and marketing firms spend significant time and money on packaging products in a manner that will attract consumers concentration and promote its utilization. Color and shapes are the most appealing to consumers. Colors have meaning and are used as an essential tool to integrate marketing strategies and communication. These are often used for product and brand differentiation. Shapes also play a vital role in for these types of marketing strategies. According to Peters (1994) packages are suggested to have great impact as a means of direct communication. A package is recognized as a marketing communication tool as packages convey meanings directly to consumers when the decision to purchase is being made. It is commonly accepted that packages convey meanings about the product and its features, benefits and how to use any products. Packages are found to attract attention. Pictures on packages are emphasized to attract attention especially when consumers are not familiar with the brands. Other than pictures, such signals such as colors, brand names and materials convey brand meaning. Most of the individuals respond to label shape variations and color compositions. De Mello and Pires Gonà §alves (2008) found that there are strong preferences for selected combinations of colors and shapes in the composition design of labels. It is well accepted that packages have an essential role in influencing the consumer purchase choices and int ention at the point of purchase. The impact of packages on consumer behavior and more closely their purchase intention affects at the point of purchase. Pictures on packages are emphasized to attract attention particularly when consumers are not very familiar with the brands. When consumers choose among competing products, they face quality and product performance uncertainty. According to Bredahl, Grunert, and Fertin (1998) in order to design products that will be accepted by consumers it is necessary to translate consumer demands into product specifications that are actionable from the producers point of view. This is especially complex for food stuff because the way consumers perceive expected quality before a purchase is often different from the way quality is perceived after consumption. Perceived product quality is perhaps one of the most important constructs in marketing. Customers behavior can be defined as an activity focused on the purchasing, consuming and using of the products by making decisions before and after purchasing. To determine the attributes by which to evaluate quality in goods and services is the classification that Nelson (1970, 1974) and Darby and Karni (1973) establish for the properties of goods differentiating three types of properties among consumer goods. Search properties: It represents the attributes a consumer can determine before actually purchasing a product. Experience properties: It represents the attributes that can only be discerned after purchase or during consumption. Credence properties: It represents the characteristics that may be impossible to evaluate even after purchase and consumption. According to Cronin and Taylor (1992) and Parasuraman, Zeithaml Berry (1996) high perceived quality leads to repeat purchases and it is the foundation of any business. The importance of perceived quality derives from its beneficial impact on purchase intentions. It is expected that the higher the perceived quality of a product, the higher the consumer satisfaction. Our lifestyle has changed in this fast paced world as compared to few decades ago. Today more and more people are caught up in an endless cycle of buying and throwing away seeing consumption as a means of self-fulfillment. Consumption is the reason why anything is produced. Consumers have positive attitudes towards food products where one of the most common mentioned reasons in purchasing food products was that it is perceived healthier than conventional alternatives. Consumers do not always buy sustainable products as consequences of environmental concern or to benefit the community or due to personal beliefs but mainly to give priority to health and to be part of the social group and to distinguish from others as they seek out the quality of products through labeling that helps in purchasing any food product. According to Titiana Klompenhouwer and Henk Van Den Belt (2003) the product information has influenced the perceived benefit on customers; therefore, their willingness to buy and use a product may change according to that. The name of the product, its price and its nutritional benefit information had a significant effect on the intention to buy products. Product labels are the chief responsible for conveying the food information to customers. The basic motive of legal regulation of labeling and advertising is to inform and protect the consumer therefore customers can make an informed choice. The food label is a prime marketing tool. It is a key source of information for the purchaser. Price cannot be excluded from the factors influencing the motivation to use foods. Price plays a crucial role in the decision of consumers to purchase foods. Demographic variables such as gender and age should also be taken into consideration in this aspect of the issue of purchasing behavior and decisi on-making. The consumers possess socioeconomic attributes, such as income, sex, age, household size, which frame their consumption habits. One of the most factors that makes people or customers pay attention to food products labels is General health interest, the second important factor is Organic concerns and the third is fitness interests. Expiry date is the most effective factor that can influence customers purchasing decision-making. More educated customers are more intended to purchase good quality products although it might be more expensive. People mostly check the food labels and almost understand the labels but most consumers dont trust the manufacturer about the labels on the products, these consumers also need to know more about the ingredients of the foods and finally labels and their information or details about the products are the factors that influence on customers purchasing decision making. Cultural developments can be mentioned as one of the most important and eff ective factors influencing customers behavior, attitudes and perception toward food products.

What is the strategic of human resource management in boots?

What is the strategic of human resource management in boots? WHAT IS THE STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN BOOTS (WATERLOO)? WHAT IS HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (HRM) It is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of and providing direction for the people who work in the organization is called Human Resource Management (HRM). Line managers also can perform human resource management. Administration and training, employee motivation, benefits, communication, wellness, organizational development, safety, performance management, hiring, compensation, these all issues are related to people and dealt by organizational function named human resource management (HRM). William R. Tracy, in the Human Resource Glossary defines human resource management as: ‘‘the people that staff and operate an organization.as contrasted with the financial and material resources of an organization. The organizational function that deals with the people. HR POLICY Every members of an organization must follows a format statement of a principle or rule, is called policy. And how to carry out or implement a policy by the members is called procedure. There are differences between policy and procedure. Policies are written statements or rules and procedures are written instructions. Source: How to identify your organization training needs By John Mc Connel ‘2004 (page 15-50) An organization establishes a system of codified decision which is HR policies. Performance management, employee relations, administrative functions, resource planning are supported by the HR policies. Acceptable and unacceptable behaviour, nature of an organization, procedure of work in the organization, etc are explained and described by HR policies. Management is making decisions about people and then the policies act as the reference points. Source: A handbook of Human Resource practice, 9th Edition By Michael Armstrong, 2003. (Page 15) LITTERATURE REVIEW WHAT IS STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (SHRM) There are some branches of human resource management (HRM) and strategic human resource management is one of the branches. Among the present discipline of HRM it is a new branch. People-centred values of HR and corporate strategies are belonged to that SHRM territory. Source: Int. J. of Human Resource Management 16:5 May 2005 633-659 By Trichy, Fombrun andDevanna (1982), Fombrun, Tichy and Devanna (1984),Miles and Snow (1984),Walton (1985), Schuler and Jackson (1987a,b), Delery and Shaw (2001),Wright et al. (2001). The SHRM can also be defined in different way. In order to improve business performance and develop organizational culture, competitive advantage, human resource and strategic goals are very important. SHRM of an organization means to take all the decisions according to the strategic view and implement the decisions through recruiting, selecting, training and rewarding. Source: Int. J. Of Human Resource Management (page 633-659) How SHRM differs from HRM HR functions were having increasing awareness for softer people-centred values and hard world of real business in the last two decades. So that to understand how the business is running day to day the HR policies are acting very closely. For those reason standard practices of traditional management of people is preferred less than the strategic management of people by many writers in the late 1980s. Long-term objectives with human resource programmes are focused on by the strategic human resource management (SHRM). In the long run people management programmes are affected by focusing on addressing and solving problems, instead of focusing on internal human resource issues. By giving more priority on business obstacles of outside the human resources we can increase employee productivity if we implement the primary goal of strategic human resources. To improve the employee productivity, performance and motivation for the long run the strategic human resource managers need to identify the HR areas where strategies can be implemented primarily. For that human resource management and the top management of a company always need to communicate to be the best strategic human resource management (SHRM). Wright and Mc Mahan defined strategic human resource management (SHRM) as ‘‘the pattern of planned human resource deployments and activities intended to enable an organization to achieve its goals (1992: 298). Delery and Shaw (2001) think that there are two main differences. By following the SHRM policies now a day the business the businesses are performing highly and this is the reason for the employees becoming the source of sustainable competitive advantage (Lawler, 1992, 1996; Levin, 1995; Pfeiffer, 1998). Source: Academy of Management Journal 2005, Vol.48, no.1, 135-145 KEY FEATURE OF STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Between organizational strategic aims the environment and HR policy and practices there is a very important relation. There are some specific areas where strategic human resource management can be focused: Human resource accounting, which attempts to assign value to human resources in an effort to quantify this organizational capacity (Flamholtz, 1971; Frantzreib, Lanau, Lundberg, 1977), Human resource planning (Baird, Meshoulam, Degive, 1983; Galosy, 1983; Olian Rynes, 1984; Russ,1982; Stumpf Hanrahan, 1984), Response to a strategic change in the environment (Ellis, 1982) Source: http://ezinearticles.com/?What-is-Strategic-Human-Resource-Management?id=549585 Hoofer Schendel (1978) said, ‘‘competitive advantage encompasses those capabilities, resources, relationships and decisions that permit a firm to capitalize on opportunities and avoid threats within its industry. But Porter (1985) did not agreed with them, he said, ‘‘by lowering costs, by increasing sources of products a firm can achieved competitive advantage with the help of human resource management. And to achieve the competitive advantage, human resource has to do some activities. And those activities are called strategic human resource management (SHRM). THE GOALS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHRM RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES Using the word ‘‘strategic is very important and different thing for the researchers. Training programmes, selection methods, etc are elaborated in some researches how human resource practices and affect in organizations performance. International competition became tough for the pressure of human resource and other corporate staffing in 1980s (Dyer Reeves, 1995). So that organizational activities got much more importance for total quality management (TQM) and reengineering. And all these happened only for implementation of strategic human resource management (SHRM). SHRM always try to discuss about interlinked HR policies than the single HR policies or practices. Measuring the performance of human resource management (HRM) with the traditional approach, we can achieve only costs and benefits of a single functional area. And adopting the strategic approach of human resource management (HRM) we can get more than about costs and benefits of a single functional area (e.g. Koch McGrath, 1996). Thats why the managers use the SHRM process and use some different human resource practices. Again the term ‘‘strategic in SHRM tries to see how the companies are affected by using human resource management. Source: http://cba.uah.edu/chadwick/Alternatives%20to%20Generic%20Typologies%20Chadwick%20Cappelli.pdf STRATEGIC HRM IN MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES When any company becomes international for expanding their business, they also become very important in the global market. And they play important role in the global market as well. Day by day the strategic human resource management is becoming more recognized and getting more priority in the business environment. And slowly failure and success in international business (Stroh and Caligiuri, 1998: Schuler. et al., 2002) are explored in between human resource management a strategic human resource management for the multinational companies. It got emphasise on growth of research on strategic human resource management and the rate of getting attention of researchers becoming higher (Schuler, 2000; Evans et al, 2002). Besides these we need to know about international human resource management (IHRM). If we know about IHRM and SHRM then easily we can distinguish between them. Tailor et al (1996), Schuler et al. (1993) Lado and Wilson (1994) said between IHRM and HRM of a multinational company have some differences. Functions and process, attracting, maintaining, developing all these are the set of a multinational companys HRM system. Source: International Human Resource ManagementA critical Text. By Hugh Schullion Maryaret Linehan (page 22-23) THE IMPACT ON STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS Any organizations success depends on how much efforts have been given for the organization. So it is important how the company is taking actions on their mission. Source: http://www2.enap.gov.br/mesa_redonda/downloads/daley_vasu.mpsa02_PPM.pdf CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In this proposal we had some approaches, like contingency, configurationally and contextual. If we can make a balance among the approaches and how and what they contributed and had limitations, and overlook the minor differences then we can come to the bottom line. In the depth of strategic human resource management the universalistic framework is laid. Through the strategic human resource management is already tested and trusted in many organizations and became successful except some limitations. For understanding SHRM deeply researchers are using more sophisticated techniques for going to the deep sea level depth of SHRM. But its not that this proposal can consider how HRM is structured. The function, defining the main elements and how they are organized are analysed by the SHRM. So that the researchers will get encourage to practice SHRM in the business as like as Cluster analysis. And then we can see there is a barrier between contextual variables of this proposal is not just a c ontingency factor and we can consider that for that reason how the management system can influence their environments. So that the researchers who are following contextual adapted are inductive logic. And all these complement the deductive and mainly quantitative focus of the previous streams. Source: Int. J. of Human Resource Management 16:5 May 2005 633-659 ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS Alliance Boots is the worlds largest pharmacy-led health and beauty retailer. Boots The Chemist UK retail business is the most trusted brand on the high street. It is undergoing major growth that will see 2,300 stores by the end of 2009. The Boot family began trading in 1849, selling herbal remedies from a small store in Goose Gate, Nottingham. The first overseas store also opened in New Zealand in 1936.More recent decades have seen the introduction of brands such as 17 cosmetics and new business ventures such as Boots Opticians. Today, Boots is the UKs leading health and beauty retailer, with the largest share of the OTC market, and it also sells Boots brand products through an international business, which currently operates in 14 countries. Source: http://www.gomadthinking.com/business/managing_change a) What are the products/services are offered There are a lots of products/services are offered by Boots. We can divide them into: Pharmacy, Opticians, Insurance, Photo processing, Quick shop, Beauty, Fragrance, Mother baby, Everyday essentials, Electrical, Toys, etc. Pharmacy: In pharmacy there are different types of services. Such as cervical cancer vaccination service, weight loss programme, Chlamydia screening service, erectile dysfunction service, medical check-up service, midnight pharmacy, Boots health insurance, etc. Insurance: In insurance there are also different services like travel insurance, health insurance, dental insurance, child trust fund, etc. Photo processing : In processing there are also some services like photo prints, photo books, calendars diaries, cards stationery, wall decor, home gifts, fun stuff, gifts for the kids, etc. Beauty: Premium beauty, the beauty boutique, make up, skin care, body care, sun care, hair, etc. b) In which international markets are they offered Today, Boots is the UKs leading health and beauty retailer, which currently operates in 14 countries. We can divide the continents into four parts. Thailand from Asia, USA Canada from north America, Kuwait UAE from middle east, Norway, Romania, Russia from Europe Source: http://www.gomadthinking.com/business/managing_change QUESTIONARY 1) Question to the Store manager (Waterloo St): In which purposes Human Resource strategic plans serve? Answer: Approximately half of the organizations we talked to have developed separate Human Resources strategic plans. These plans generally serve one of two purposes. Either they provide direction for those agencies that have not integrated HRM into the organizations strategic plan, or they are used as implementation plans which support organization wide HRM goals, strategies, and measures. These plans are particularly important to those organizations that do not integrate HRM into the organizations wide plan because it helps them map out where they want the HR program to go. They seem less important to many of the organizations that have thoroughly integrated HRM into the organizations plan. For example, the Social Security Administration (SSA) has not developed a specific HR strategic plan because HRs goals and measures are part of the organization wide approach. Then, there are some organizations that integrate HR extensively into the organizations plan, but still prefer to have a separate HR operational plan supporting the organizations wide plan, as is often done by other corporate functions such as information technology and financial management. 2) Question to the Store manager (Waterloo St): What are HRs contributions toward mission accomplishment? Answer: HRs most valued contributions are the areas need the most improvement: recruitment and staffing, employee development, and employee relations. It would be extremely difficult to get the jobs done without the help of HR provides. 3) Question to the Team manager (Waterloo St): What is important to increasing organizations overall ability to achieve their missions? Answer: In this time of budget cuts, downsizing, and an aging Federal workforce, workforce planning becomes extremely important to increasing organizations overall ability to achieve their missions. Although few organizations have strong workforce planning systems in place, some are beginning to take steps in this direction. 4) Question to the Team manager (Waterloo St): Which information can make the improvements to solve the problems? Answer: HR staffs find that measures from HR strategic plans tend to be more useful than those in the organizations strategic or annual plans, at least at the functional level. HR strategic plan measures tend to focus on internal HR programs, policies, and processes, and can therefore point to deficiencies in these areas. HR officials can then use this information to make improvements to the problem areas. From an organizational perspective, however, the measures are generally not very helpful in determining achievement of HR goals because they are process rather than outcome oriented.

Captain Murderer Essay -- English Literature

Captain Murderer Captain Murderer was written in the 1800’s by Charles Dickens. In this essay I intend to write about exploring character structure, language, social content and themes. Captain Murderer was described as an evil character by the narrator. His position in society was great he was let into the best of parties. ‘The first diabolical character who intruded himself on my peaceful youth was a certain Captain Murderer’ The word diabolical comes from the Latin word Diablo which means devil. He was let into the best of parties and a desirable husband. Charles Dickens introduces Captain Murderer successfully as an evil character by the language he uses. He marries people who have a lot of money because after he kills them he inherits their money. Captain Murderer has a habit of killing his wives who have a lot of money. Charles Dickens shows the reader the ritual that Captain Murderer undertakes with each new wife. These actions are typical of a serial killer. He first takes them out on dates in a coach and six and marries them in a coach and twelve. ‘He made love in a coach and six, and married in a coach and twelve’ He then has his teeth filed sharp, a month and a day before the murder. He then tells her to make a pastry of a pie, if she doesn’t know how to make one he then teaches her. She asks him what is the filling to be. ‘Dear Captain Murderer I see no meat’ He replies ‘Look in the glass’ He chops of her head and puts her in the pie, he salts her, peppers her, and sends it to the bakers then eats it and picks the bones. Captain Murderer follows the structure of a children’s story. This is interesting as the original idea came from Charles Dickens nurse who would... ...uses language we no longer use. E.g. diabolical, matrimony and immense. This shows that the story was written in the 1800’s. Charles Dickens successfully uses language to show that the story was written a long time ago. The theme of this story is based on a murderer who follows his own ritual to kill and eat his wives. And then one sister of twins sacrifices her life for revenge. ‘Before she rolled out the paste she had taken a deadly poison of a most awful character.’ The twin is not a murderer, we feel that Captain Murderers death has been justified. Charles Dickens successfully show the reader the moral of the story instantly at the brink of revenge with a typical children’s story moral that good wins over evil. Dickens uses various details from this fairy tale genre to create this dark tale .however it is not simply a strong fairy tale.

Paul Bernardo :: essays research papers

Paul Bernardo The urge shot through the mans body, uncontrollable, like sharks in a feeding frenzy. He could only quench his feverish desires by carrying out unspeakable devilish acts. The victim didn't matter, no thought was given to any implications of the satanic rituals. Several times Bernardo resorted to defecating of human beings in order to satisfy his sick and abnormal urges. Paul Bernardo's lustful and diverted sexual desires sprouted from the influence of pornography. Pornography caused him to fixate on anal intercourse, and violent, dominant sex. Pornography also played a large role in his lust for younger virgins, and the ever apparent satomasifism as seen on tape. Paul Bernardo, during his teenage years became slowly infatuated with women mostly because of his obsession with porn films. At the time film was enough to feed his growing desire for kinky sex. He was content to just watch and not act out what he saw on the videos. Through the steady diet of grotesque video's he became of aware of the type of women he wanted through what he saw. He lusted a women who was submissive and eager to please. This was the beginning of his abnormal sexual behavior. One year out of high school, Paul began his journey into the world of sexual control were he dated a sixteen year old high school student. This girl perfectly fit the description of Pauls ideal in being naive and unsophisticated. Over the three and one half years Paul was with her he used her like his personal sex toy. Throughout the entire relationship he convinced her that what they were doing was acceptable behavior. An example of his acceptable behavior was wrapping a piece of twine around her neck while he sodomized her. The twine only satisfied Bernardo for a time. Later, a knife became part of his "kit." These mercenary acts were all influenced by porno films. Paul became aroused with the power to be the master in his sexual acts and he couldn't get enough. One night in October of 1993 Paul seemed to be a magnet to Karla Homoka. The minute the two met, there relationship set off like a missile. Karla suffered love at first sight, with his looks, charm and maturity she couldn't go wrong. Karla was just the type of women Bernardo desired. She was good-looking, had a great body was naive and trusting, someone he could control, dominate and use as his personal sex toy. There sex life fired into action and the two were constantly searching for new adventures. The pair began having anal sex with

Plato Contrasted with Confucius Essay -- Compare Contrast Plato Confuc

Plato Contrasted with Confucius Since the early beginnings of society, in which people began living in gathered communities, there can be seen a constant progression, upon a steady time line, of the increased order of the organization of society. However, this is not the kind of progress that was sought by two widely known philosophers and teachers, Plato and Confucius. The kind of social reform and alteration displayed in the teachings and writings of both of these men, examine a movement from societies viewed as chaotic and barbaric toward societies consisting of gentleman, practicing prescribed values, morals, and actions. Confucius and Plato both emphasized a moral conduct that went above and beyond the socially accepted norms of their times. Despite the concentration on these factors in Chinese and Grecian cultures, the progress attempted by both of these philosophers was not achieved by their own standards within their own societies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several common themes running through the primary work of compiled sayings attributed to Confucius: emphasis on gentlemanly conduct, pursuit of humbleness among fellow man, and a search for a proper ruler who is in accordance with â€Å"the Way.† Running throughout the entire book of â€Å"The Analects†, Confucius makes reference to many characteristics that a gentleman should possess. Even beginning in the first chapter of Book One, Confucius is attributed with saying, â€Å"Is it not gentlemanly not to take offence when others fail to appreciate your abilities?† Other characteristics Confucius attributed to gentlemanly conduct include studying the rites and â€Å"The Odes†, humbleness, lack of desire for places of position, unbending in moral conduct, and many other factors. By laying out a basis upon which a gentleman should act, Confucius establishes a standard to measure the quality of all men. Setting a standard implies that there are men above and below this set, desired point, and the word standard also indicates a measure of quantitative or qualitative value. By creating such a standard, Confucius is immediately able to begin causing social reform and progress. However, this progress, though achieved through concentration on social values, never reaches the capacity to which Confucius desires it to reach. Several sayings within The Analects indicate that Confucius is unable to see an accumulation of all desire... ...ty is tentative. It proves to reason that a society guided by high morals will have a progress. However, to assume that all corruption will be removed simply by placing leadership in office that adheres to the high standards fails to recognize the flaw in man that Plato and Confucius both obviously see: man is in need of progress towards civil order. From the beginning, man is already viewed as degraded and morally corrupt. The society will progress because progression of society has been the natural order since the beginning of civilization. It is the quality and moral standing of this progress that is in question. Using Plato’s method of progression, it can be seen that society is not progressing, but rather being led blindly down a road. Progression implies the acquisition of knowledge upon a continuous path. Keeping men under order through ignorance, and elevating those with morally upright actions only serves to further isolate and expand the gap between the men posse ssing knowledge of civil order and those merely following it out of service to a defined path. A false sense of progress is created, while the majority of society remains ignorant of why to be humane and civil.

Duckweed

Feed Industry Overview: Duckweed feed has been found to be a very nutritious feed source for many types of livestock. The fact that duckweed can be fed to animals in its wet form or dried for a more concentrated food source make an efficient, cost effective, harvester a possible attractive product for this market. Traditional Harvesters are economically unfeasible and manual harvesting is very labor intensive for medium to large scale operations. Feed prices can vary drastically due to crop yields, gas prices, and product demand. After the initial investment of the Proskimmer the costs for producing this feed additive would be minimal. There is opportunity for duckweed to be used more as a feed source in coming years to alleviate increasing demand on corn and soy yields. Analysis According to North Carolina Reasearchers: â€Å"Duckweed holds great promise as an alternative feed supplement. One of the smallest plants known to man could help us produce cleaner water while at the same time providing a high quality feed for domestic stock animals (poultry, swine, and cattle). The nutrient uptake ability possessed by duckweed along with its fast reproductive rate and environmental requirements make it easy to manage. The problem with duckweed is in the harvesting of the small plants and removing the excess water. Assuming that can be done efficiently, we will be well on our way to making new strides in the supplemental feeding of duckweed. † These statements are made by some of the leading duckweed researchers in the feed/fuel/watstewater. A duckweed harvester is a natural fit to solve the harvesting needs of the market. Recent studies have confirmed duckweed’s potential as a valuable high-protein, vitamin-rich feed supplement. A two acre pond surface with duckweed yields as much as 30 tons of dry matter or approximately 12 tons of protein per year. This protein is of very high quality for feeding to animals (or human beings). Experiments show that the quality of this protein for ducks and hens is similar to that in soybean meal. As protein is currently priced at approx $500 per ton as a stock-feed ingredient, the protein yield of a hectare of duckweed is worth in the order of $6,000 per year. Although inexpensive to produce, duckweed contains a range of vitamins, pigments and minerals. These include those normally added to dietary formulations for livestock such as poultry and pigs in the form of commercial mineral-vitamin premixes. Duckweed has particular value as a poultry feed. It typically contains high concentrations of calcium (which is required in the diet of laying hens) equal to 10-25 g/kg dry matter. Duckweed contains relatively large amounts of xanthophylls and carotene, which result in a rich yellow/orange color to the egg yolks. In comparison, the synthetic yolk pigments usually included in mineral-vitamin premixes for layers are a costly component of commercial poultry diets. Dried excess duckweed can be pelletised and sold as animal feed. At approx $6000 dollars the Proskimmer would be economically viable in this arena. Feeding trials reported in the literature and carried out recently in Peru have demonstrated that duckweed can be substituted for soy and fish meals in prepared rations for several types of poultry: broilers, layers, and chicks. Cultured duckweed can be used as the protein component in poultry diets. Acceptable levels of duckweed meal in the diets of layers range up to 40 percent of total feed. Duckweed-fed layers produce more eggs of the same or higher quality as control birds fed the recommended formulated diets. Levels of up to 15 percent duckweed meal produce growth rates in broilers which are equal to those produced by control feeds. Diets for chicks, consisting of up to 15 percent duckweed meal, are suitable for birds under three weeks of age. Duckweed meal will almost certainly find as large a range of animal feed applications as soybean meal. Duckweed meal may also have great potential to blend with non- conventional diets based on inexpensive carbohydrate sources that can be used by poultry and hogs. Today pork production offers perhaps an unprecedented opportunity. Due to economic expansion and population growth in Asia, demand for pork is increasing like never before. In fact, experts predict that in the next 35 to 40 years, we’ll have to quadruple, or more, the approximately 875 million hogs now on Earth. That’s why new and expanded hog production facilities are being built in Australia, Canada, Mexico, South America, and, when opposition is overcome, in the U. S. And as they’re built, new jobs and economic growth are being created. A major limitation to fish farming is that meals high in protein with high biological value are expensive and often locally unavailable. Supplementary feeds can take up to 60% of fish production costs. Duckweeds have a high protein content (around 40%) of high biological value. Fresh duckweed is highly suited to intensive fish farming systems and duckweed is converted efficiently to liveweight by certain fish including carp and tilapia. Drying duckweed presents the largest current challenge to the plant being traded as a commodity. No conventional drying technology has been able to produce dried material without incurring signifigant loss. Several solar methods are showing promise however we feel they would be for large scale operations and not relevant to our market. The leading researchers in North Carolina have paired with a company called Aeroglide who makes industrial drying technologies for the feed industry. We feel Proskim should focus on the wet applications for land livestock and fish farming opporunities. http://www. lib. ncsu. edu/theses/available/etd-05242004-103543/unrestricted/etd. df Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany 24 February 2010; http://www. aeroglide. com/aquafeed-dryers-coolers. php SWOT Analysis Feed: Strengths: Low cost in relation to other mechanical harvesters/low labor intensity when compared to manual techniques. Currently manufactured product with little to no customization for many harvesting needs. Duckweed has be en proven to be a breakthrough feed alternative to corn and soy based feeds. Weaknesses: Little to no current marketing strategy in the Bio arena. Lack of marketing material directed to Bio arena. Less developed nations will use manual techniques. Company physical location is not in areas which promote rapid duckweed growth. Opportunities: Feed supplement for fish, swine, poultry needing effective harvesting techniques. Market directly to these farmers. Academic researchers using grants to study duckweed in the Bio arena. Government grants and foundations in the Bio arena. Threats: Other harvester inventions and trial inventions to harvest duckweed. Less demand for corn ethanol due to regulations or opportunity costs could lower prices and in turn corn feed prices.

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay

slender thinking entails the capability to think intelligibly and rationally. The reason is that regular though the conclusion may count logical every individual has opposite ethics. For instance, if an individual needs a transaction in order to acquire capital quickly, then it gets sense to do is indispens commensurate to make the most funds the quickest. allow us say the logical trade would be to obtain and sell maculation copper because the wizard can make a large marrow of money in a little amount of time. While another individual may say this is a logical expression to make money quickly, ethically it is wrong. tiny thinking is ones variation of judgment that has a particular adjudicate and reflective judgment. When individuals use critical thinking, one reaches a decision or solves an issue. ambit this conclusion and judging what to believe or what to do in a advertent way.Critical thinking is a apparatus that individuals can use to evaluate future info rmation. Critical thinking is being able to learn new material with an abrupt mind and having a heightened level of self-awargonness of our biases and how our biases impingement the analysis of information. Business ethics are very important when solving righteous problems in a business is concerned. I do believe critical thinking can be at odds with moral decision making. One should be unattackable simply because only what is good is to be done. Being good lots brings a reward in a way or the other except it is not always the case. This is why sets of rules cognize as ethics have been created. Critical thinking entails the ability to think clearly and rationally.

Thin Film Solar Cell

Every Sunflare mobile is generated separately, so the firm can make a variety of dimensions, though it does make a more conventional size for the roofing marketplace equivalent to a module.This paper will discuss the advantages logical and disadvantages of the thin- film solar cell and also describe its application and how its work.Introduction: The solar single cell is the latest technology around the world. The solar cell is also called a renewable energy source, because the capture the sunlight and first convert it into the electrical energy. There are different types of solar cells, but the most important one is a thin- film solar cell.Clearly, the late little cell in a calculator isnt big and bulky.Solar cells are made out of semiconducting material, usually silicon. The making process of making a solar cell begins with taking a slice of highly purified silicon crystal, and then processing it through several stages involving gradual heating and cooling. Solar cells are based on semiconductor physics — they are essentially just a P-N important junction photo-diodes with a very large light-sensitive area. Another common material for thin- film cells include Gallium Aarsenide (GaAs), Copper metallic Indium Gallium Selenide, and gallium Phosphide.

They are the most essential quality of a panel.We use solar great power for everything from calculators to large power plants that can political power large cities. The most common applications for solar panels are used for small evices. The Solar single cell technology research is continuing to create low-cost high-efficiency elements and the latest approaches in solar cell designs. Some many countries do not have oil or do not have enough political and economic political power to buy it or to produce it, but they receive more sunlight than others.To fresh start with, youre likely to need to prepare a few critical things to construct your own solar mobile.4%.The german Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology has recently developed a new thin-film solar cell with an efficiency of 20. 4%. Those cells are based on CIGS (copper indium gallium (DI) selenide) semiconductor material.

Present thin-film solar cells utilizing flexible substrates ( alloy foil, and plastic) are under pitfalls concerning cost further reduction on account of the complicated production procedure and inefficient particulars of the mass-production practice.There are four different types of thin-film solar cell. 1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. metallic Cadmium telluride (CdTe) 3.It is truly.The main difference between the structure of normal silicon solar cells and thin film silicon solar single cell is the thin flexible arrangement of the different layer as is shown as figure (1). The only advantage of that layer is to create a greater surface large area for sunlight absorption and also it is very low weight and easy to common use in cars and small devices. Figure (1) We use calculator everyday in our log normal daily routine.These solar powered calculators have a small solar cell at the top corner of the calculator.

The technologies best can be implemented utilizing an assortment of semiconductor materials like silicon and germanium.Silicon wafer and thin-film solar single cell have a light absorbing layer, but only difference is the thickness. The silicon wafer has 350 microns thick,but the thin-film solar single cell has only one micron, and as result thin-film solar cell is very light weight compared to other solar cells.Thin-film solar red cells are made of several layers. Those all layer helps to absorb light.Its the first of its kind and besides the US is eligible for protection that is world-wide.The figure (a) shows the basic theory of the different layer stack of the thin-film solar cell.Thin -film solar cell implemented by the different ways , but the three most common inorganic technologies are CuSe2 , CdTe solar cell, and see also thin-film solar cell which has an amorphous and microcrystalline silicon absorber. There are three major different types of thin-film solar cell. 1.

Each of the thin-film technologies also give the prospect of ubiquity.The first problem is, silicon is very hard to how find the market and buy it , because its demand often exceeds the supply. The second thing is, this new type of solar cell has very low efficiency. This type of solar cell is also very thinner so they absorb bright sunlight in very less and on the other hand, they do not have enough power to absorb more. Therefore, they used in calculator and other very small and low power consuming devices.Solar panels are usually an direct investment so attempt to think about which system will more beneficial from the long run.More flexible and very easy to handle it.4. Less thinner than crystalline solar cell. It can be as thin .

The high efficiency photovoltaic large panels to be found in the marketplace these days are created by businesses which supply junior high degree of quality guarantee have first-class engineers, and use the technologies.Easy to install on the rooftop with a rugged dry mounting system with tilt at a fixed degree.6. Thin film solar cells have better performance in the hot weather. See table (1) below.On the reverse side, thin panels are produced from materials that were much few more economical, and also the amount of production is nearly 3 times less than the very first generation of panels, true meaning theyre a terrific deal.Table (2) Condition| Crystalline Efficiency Drop| Light San Francisco fog| 8%-15%| Heavy San Francisco fog| 15%-20%| Cloudy & raining| 20% – 50%| Heavy cloudy & raining| 50% – 90%| 2. They have complex structure. 3. Different version requires its own unique installation skills.